Grammar Book: Grammar Book By: Michael Caloca
Table of contents: Table of contents 1.) Imperfect 2.) Preterite 3.) P or and Para 4.)Stressed possessive adjectives and pronouns 5.) Ud and Uds . Commands 6.)Present subjunctive 7.)Verbs of will and influence 8.)Subjunctive of Words w/ Emotion 9.)Doubt , Disbelief , and denial 10.) Conjuctions
Imperfect: Imperfect To conjugate regular - ar verbs in the imperfect,drop the ending (- ar ) and add one of the these: aba abas aba ábamos abais aban To conjugate regular - er and - ir verbs in the imperfect, drop the ending (- er or - ir ) and add one of the these: ía ías ía íamos íais ían
Imperfect Cont.: Imperfect Cont. hablar comer vivir hablaba comía vivía hablabas comías vivías hablaba comía vivía hablábamos comíamos vivíamos hablabais comíais vivíais hablaban comían vivían
Preterite: Preterite To conjugate regular - ar verbs in the preterite , simply drop the ending (- ar ) and add one of the following: é aste ó amos asteis To conjugate regular - er and - ir verbs in the preterite , simply drop the ending (- er or - ir ) and add one of the following: í iste ió imos isteis hablar comer vivir hablé comí viví hablaste comiste viviste habló comió vivió hablamos comimos vivimos hablasteis comisteis vivisteis hablaron comieron vivieron
Preterite: Preterite Spock Verbs -Dar/ Ver Ir / Ser Hacer -I iste io imos osteis ieron Fui Fuiste Fue Fuimos Hago Haces Hace Hacemos Hacen Cucaracha: When the verb is conducir producir traducir decir traer are used in the third personal plural take off the “I” in ieron . Preterite : regular - er -í - iste - ió - imos - isteis ieron comí , comiste , comió , comimos , comisteis Preterite : regular - ir verbs -í - iste - ió - imos - isteis ieron viví , viviste , vivió , vivimos , vivisteis , vivieron
Por Y Para: Por Y Para " Por " Rule : to express gratitude or apology Model: Gracias por la ayuda . (Thanks for the help.) Rule: for multiplication and division Model: Dos por dos son cuatro . (Two times two equals four .) " Por " por adelantado in advance por ahora for now
Por Y para Cont.: Por Y para Cont. "Para" Rule : to indicate destination Model: El hombre salió para Madrid. (The man left for Madrid.) Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing Model: El vaso es para agua . (The glass is for water.) " Por " and "para" can also be used in questions. "¿ Por qué ?" means "Why?" (for what reason) while "¿Para qué ?" means "Why?" (for what purpose). ¿ Por qué estudias español ? For what reason do you study Spanish?
stressed possessive adjectives and pronouns : stressed possessive adjectives and pronouns Masculine Feminine mine mío(s) mía(s) yours ( tú ) tuyo(s) tuya(s) his/hers/its yours (Ud.) suyo(s) suya(s) ours nuestro(s) nuestra(s) yours (vosotros) vuestro(s) vuestra(s) theirs yours (Uds.) suyo(s) suya (s)
Ud. And Uds commands: Ud . And Uds commands Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb. Compre Ud . el anillo . (You) Buy the ring. Haga Ud . la tarea . (You) Do the homework. Compren Uds . los libros . (You-all) Buy the books. Hagan Uds . el trabajo . (You-all) Do the work . The formal commands are formed the same way as the present subjunctive: Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following endings: - ar verbs: -e (for Ud .), -en (for Uds .) - er and - ir verbs: -a (for Ud .), -an (for Uds .)
Ud. And uds commands cont.: Ud . And uds commands cont. if the first person singular ( yo ) form is irregular, that irregularity is carried over into the formation of the formal command. Tengan Uds . un buen viaje . ( yo tengo )Have a good trip.Traiga Ud . el dinero . ( yo traigo )Bring the money.Venga Ud . conmigo . ( yo vengo )Come with me. This also applies to stem-changing verbs. Cuente Ud . sus beneficios . ( yo cuento )Count your blessings.Vuelvan Uds . pronto . ( yo vuelvo )Return quickly.Pida dinero . ( yo pido )Ask for money.
Present Subjunctive: Present Subjunctive Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the -o ending. add the endings: - ar verbs: -e, - es , -e, - emos , - éis , en - er and - ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, - amos , - áis , -an Regular - ar verbs like hablar ( yo hablo ). hablo - o = habl habl + e = hable habl + es = hables habl + e = hable habl + emos = hablemos habl + éis = habléis habl + en = hablen Regular -er verbs like comer (yo como). como - o = com com + a = coma com + as = comas com + a = coma com + amos = comamos com + áis = comáis com + an = coman Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo). vivo - o = viv viv + a = viva viv + as = vivas viv + a = viva viv + amos = vivamos viv + áis = viváis viv + an = vivan
Verbs of Will and influence: Verbs of Will and influence aconsejar to advise decir to tell insistir en to insist mandar to order pedir to ask permitir to allow preferir to prefer prohibir to prohibit, forbid querer to want recomendar to recommend rogar to beg sugerir to suggest Te aconsejo que estudies . I advise you to study. Le sugiero que vaya a casa. I suggest that he go home. Les recomiendo que barran el suelo . I recommend that you sweep the floor.
Subjunctive of words w/ emotion: Subjunctive of words w/ emotion alegrarse de * to be glad gustar to like quejarse to complain encantar to be delighted lamentar to regret sentir to feel enojar to be angry maravillar to astonish sorprender to surprise estar contento, enojado, triste, etc. to be glad, angry, sad, etc. molestar to annoy temer to fear tener miedo de/a que to be afraid that extrañarse que to be amazed that
Doubt, disbelief, and denial: Doubt, disbelief, and denial Dudo que él tenga mi número de teléfono . (I doubt that he has my phone number.) No creen que los extraterrestres existan . (They don’t believe that aliens exist.) Niegas que la camisa sea mía . (You deny that the shirt is mine.) No estoy seguro que mi madre venga . (I am not sure that my mother is coming.) dudar to doubt no creer not to believe no pensar not to think negar to deny no estar seguro not to be sure no suponer not to assume no comprender not to understand no parecer not to seem
conjuctions: conjuctions These conjunctions coordinate two or more words that have the same function. They can put together sentences too. These conjunctions are: y / and e / and ni / neither, nor . Compré musica rusa y turca . / I bought Russian and Turkish music . These conjunctions put together words or sentences to express different or conflicting alternatives. These conjunctions are: u / or o / or, either . Tú o él cocinarán . / Either you or he will cook .
Conjuctions cont.: Conjuctions cont. Pero / but Mas / however Sino / but, rather Sin embargo / nevertheless, however No obstante / regardless Antes bien / on the contrary Con todo / even so Más bien que / rather than Fuera de / apart from