Slide 1: Global warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on earth. As the earth is getting hotter, disaster like hurricanes, draughts and floods are getting mare frequent. Global warming
Earth’s Temperature : Earth’s Temperature
Slide 3: Natural factor
Global warming
Depletion of ozone Social factor
Population
Poverty
Urbanization
Slide 5: Lack of awareness and infrastructure makes implementation of most of the laws relating to environment, extremely difficult and ineffective. INSTITUTIONAL FACTOR
Acid rain : Acid rain
ENVIORMENTAL DEGRADATION : ENVIORMENTAL DEGRADATION Environmental degradation is the deterioration in environmental quality from ambient concentrations of pollutants and other activities and processes such as improper land use and natural disasters.
Erosion of the quality of natural environment caused, directly or indirectly, by human activities.
Slide 8: Degradation of marine ecosystem due to oil seepage.
Desertification.
Deforestation of dense equatorial forests.
Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
Deterioration of mountain environment.
Three gorges dam of china. Current scenario of environmental degradation
Greenhouse Effect : Greenhouse Effect Sun
Earth’s Atmospheric Gases : Earth’s Atmospheric Gases 99% 1% Non-Greenhouse
Gases Greenhouse
Gases
Runaway Greenhouse Effect : Sun Runaway Greenhouse Effect 97% carbon dioxide
3% nitrogen
Water & sulfuric acid clouds
Temperature:860°F
Carbon Dioxide : Carbon Dioxide
Worldwide Carbon Emissions : Worldwide Carbon Emissions Carbon (109 metric tons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year
Kyoto Protocol : Kyoto Protocol Adopted in 1997
Cut CO2 emissions by 5% from 1990 levels for 2008-2012
Symbolic only, since cuts will not significantly impact global warming
Main Ocean Currents : Main Ocean Currents Adapted from IPCC SYR Figure 4-2
Orbital Parameters: Precession : Orbital Parameters: Precession Perihelion Apehelion
Orbital Parameters: Eccentricity : Orbital Parameters: Eccentricity Minimum: 0.005 Maximum: 0.061 Not to scale! To Scale!
Recent Temperature Changes : Recent Temperature Changes
“Hockey Stick” Controversey : “Hockey Stick” Controversey 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 -0.8 Year -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Temperature Change (°C) Direct temperature measurements
Mann et al. 1999
Ice Sheets Melting? : Ice Sheets Melting? GRACE (gravity measured by satellite) found melting of Antarctica equivalent to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/century)
Zwally, 2005 (satellite radar altimetry)
confirmed Antarctica melting
Greenland ice melting onexterior, accumulating inland(higher precipitation)
Melting Glaciers – Mt. Kilimanjaro : Melting Glaciers – Mt. Kilimanjaro
Changes in Antarctica Ice Mass : 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 2003 2004 2005 Ice Mass (km3) Year Changes in Antarctica Ice Mass
Rise in Sea Levels? : Rise in Sea Levels? Present rate is 1.8 ± 0.3 mm/yr (7.4 in/century)
Accelerating at a rate of 0.013 ± 0.006 mm/yr2
If acceleration continues, could result in 12 in/century sea level rise
Scenarios claiming 1 meter or more rise are unrealistic
How Much Temperature Increase? : How Much Temperature Increase? Some models propose up to 9°C increase this century
Two studies put the minimum at 1.5°C and maximum at 4.5°C or 6.2°C
Another study puts the minimum at 2.5°C
Wildlife Effects : Wildlife Effects Polar Bears
Require pack ice to live
Might eventually go extinct in the wild
Sea turtles
Breed on the same islands astheir birth
Could go extinct on some islandsas beaches are flooded
Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world
Effect on Humans : Effect on Humans Fewer deaths from cold, more from heat
Decreased thermohaline circulation
Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic
CO2 fertilization effect
Precipitation changes
Droughts and famine (some areas)
Expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union
Drought in Africa : Drought in Africa Lake Faguibine Lake Chad
Cost to Stabilize CO2 Concentrations : Cost to Stabilize CO2 Concentrations 450 550 650 750 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Carbon Dioxide (ppm) Cost (Trillons U.S. Dollars)
Possible Solutions to Global Warming : Possible Solutions to Global Warming
Mitigation of Global Warming : Mitigation of Global Warming Conservation
Reduce energy needs
Recycling
Alternate energy sources
Nuclear
Wind
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Solar
Fusion?
PREVENTION : PREVENTION Today's society becomes ever more rapidly vulnerable to natural disasters due to the concentration
of populations in mega-cities. Additionally, changes in the global environment
threaten us with the possibility of severe typhoons, rising sea levels, droughts, among others.
Considering these rapid changes of ambient conditions, vulnerability has increased due to
growing urban populations, environmental degradation, and a lack of planning, land management
and preparedness. Environmental disasters in many cases are effected by human
usage of natural resources. They take place especially because of the negative impact of the
over-exploitation of natural resources. Spatial planning and land management provide various
tools to prevent natural hazards. The prevention of catastrophes in general is a consideration
of spatial planning and land management on the regional and local level
Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations : Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
CO2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery
Deep saline formations – (a) offshore (b) onshore
CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7 3a 2 3b 1 4