The Civil War and Reconstruction :The Civil War and Reconstruction 1861 - 1877 Most clip art from: http://www.jewish-history.com/Clipartgallery/clipart.htm


Causes of the Civil War :Causes of the Civil War Continuing Sectional Struggles Henry Clay’s great compromises 1820 and 1850 The “Peculiar Institution” Growing voice of the abolitionists The Dred Scott decision


War Strategies and Assessments :War Strategies and Assessments United States (Union) Military Goals Blockade southern ports Control of Mississippi River down to New Orleans Take Richmond - Confederate capital


War Strategies and Assessments :War Strategies and Assessments Union Strengths and Advantages Population Industrial Capacity Wealth Superior Transportation Military Forces


War Strategies and Assessments :War Strategies and Assessments Confederate States Military Goals Defend new nation Enlist European Assistance Confederate Advantages Emotional edge - fighting for a cause and defense of their homes Defending is easier than invading Better officers and soldiers


Significant Successes - East :Significant Successes - East Bull Run, July 1861 (Manassas) - Union defeated by “Stonewall” Jackson McClellan appointed commander of Army of the Potomac McClellan attacks Richmond, March and April 1862 - fails Second Battle of Bull Run, August 1862 - Union supplies destroyed Battle of Antietam, September 1862 - Bloodiest day of the Civil War


Significant Battles - East :Significant Battles - East Merrimack (Confederate) and the Monitor (Union) March 1862 Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863 - Confederates hoped for a victory on Northern soil, but due to supplies and casualties retreat Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864 - 1865 - ends in marching to Columbia and burns it to the ground http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/civilwar/n-at-cst/hr-james/9mar62.htm


Significant Battles - West :Significant Battles - West Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, February 1862 - Union gunboats defeat Confederates Battle of Shiloh, TN, April 1862 - Union defeat after 2 day battle Battle of Vicksburg, MS, July 1863 - Grant lays siege to Vicksburg in a surround and starve strategy successfully a turning point in the war as the Union re-took the Mississippi


The Gettysburg Address :The Gettysburg Address November 1863 Ceremony to honor fallen Union soldiers Edward Everett gives a 2 hour speech President invited to give brief remarks - 2 minutes Milestone in expanding liberty to all


Lee Surrenders at Appomattox :Lee Surrenders at Appomattox April 1865 Defeated Confederate troops surrounded by the Union at Appomattox Court House Lee and Grant meet to discuss terms South takes horses and mules home, would not be punished as traitors if they agreed to follow the laws North agreed to feed the remaining Confederate troops


Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War :Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War Morrill Tariff Act, 1861- increased import fees National Banking Act, 1863 - standardized currency backed by government bonds investors also obliged to buy a percentage of bonds


Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War :Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War Draft Law 1863 allowed for substitutes $300 exemption New York riot in July protesting the new law


Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War :Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War Greenback Policy printing money to finance war Income tax levied in 1861 Homestead Act 1862 free land in west


Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War :Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War Women in the War Clara Barton - nursing, founded Red Cross Dorothea Dix - Superintendent of Nurses, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell - medical school graduate, U.S. Sanitary Commission


Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War :Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War African Americans in the War 180,000 served in the Union Army 54th Massachusetts Regiment - Battle of Fort Wagner, Charleston


Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War :Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War Election of 1864 Lincoln v. McClellan Union Party - Republicans and War Democrats Peace Democrats and Copperheads


Reconstruction :Reconstruction A redefinition of social, economic and political relationships between the North and the South An effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore the Southern states to the Union


The War Destroyed . . . :The War Destroyed . . . 2/3 southern shipping 9000 miles of railroads 1/3 of all livestock 100’s of miles of roads Value of southern property declined by 70% buildings, factories, bridges, etc. destroyed.


The Human Toll :The Human Toll North 364,000 (38,000 African Americans) South 260,000 1/5 adult white men; 1 of 3 southern men were killed or wounded


Southern Hardships :Southern Hardships Black Southerners 4 million freed slaves, homeless, jobless and hungry Plantation Owners loss of $3mill. worth of slave labor worthless Confederate currency $100 mil. Worth of southern plantations and cotton seized through the Captured and Abandoned Property Act Poor White Settlers could not find work due to new competition began migrating to the western frontiers


Reconstruction :Reconstruction Lincoln’s Death April 14, 1865


Lincoln v. Johnson :Lincoln v. Johnson Lincoln 10% Plan - quick reunion Radical Republicans demanded more strict measures in the Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln and Congress blocked each other’s plans until Lincoln’s death Johnson small farmer’s advocate with a hatred for plantation owners restrictive policy excluding rich southerners from political participation undermined his own policy by liberally pardoning southerners, even Confederate politicians


Congressional Reconstruction :Congressional Reconstruction While one of the goals of the war was to free slaves, once southern states met the Reconstruction plan requirements, they reverted back to their old ways Black Codes - limited freedmen’s rights curfews, vagrancy laws, labor contracts, land restrictions


Congressional Reconstruction :Congressional Reconstruction 14th Amendment 1866 first cornerstone of Congressional Reconstruction gave citizenship and due process of law to all persons born in the U.S. 3/5 clause abolished. States may exclude blacks from voting, but their representation may be decreased if they do so Confederate officeholders barred from political office


14th Amendment :14th Amendment Reactions President Johnson and the Democrats denounced the amendment and lobbied against Republicans realized that their leadership could achieve meaningful change Some northerners supported harsh sanctions against the former Confederacy


Reconstruction Act, 1867 :Reconstruction Act, 1867 High point of Congressional Reconstruction dissolved Southern state governments and placed them under military rule Enfranchised the freedmen and required new state constitutions drafted by elections by both blacks and whites Required state legislatures to ratify the 14th Amendment to fully re-enter the Union


15th Amendment :15th Amendment Last major piece of the Congressional Reconstruction Prohibited the exclusion of male adults from voting based on race or having been slaves passed by Congress in 1869 and ratification became a precondition for reentering the Union


Impeaching Andrew Johnson :Impeaching Andrew Johnson Reconstruction Act brought increased tension between Congress and the President Congress passed several laws to bring the President under control 1867 Tenure of Office Act to keep Johnson from firing Sec. Of War Edwin Stanton Johnson fired Stanton anyway Republican leaders started impeachment proceedings against Johnson Johnson’s conviction narrowly defeated


The Freedmen :The Freedmen Finding family became the first priority of many black churches, institutions established and flourished Freedman’s Bureau first federally financed social service program set up over 4000 elementary schools provided assistance to more than just African-Americans


Political Involvement :Political Involvement Participated in Reconstruction legislatures as Republicans Some black members of Congress elected and sent to Washington often pursued reconciliation policies with white Southerners to no avail also tried to achieve key black demands, such as land reform and social equality


“Carpetbaggers” and “Scalawags” :“Carpetbaggers” and “Scalawags” Most white southerners blamed Republicans and their alleged corruption white Northerners who immigrated South were called “carpetbaggers” white Southern Republicans were called “scalawags” Although mostly ungrounded, these charges and stereotypes proved extremely persistent


Violent Resistance :Violent Resistance Many white southerners resisted with violence Vigilante groups intimidated, attacked and killed freedmen and destroyed their institutions Ku Klux Klan - outlawed, but little else done to protect their victims


Sharecropping :Sharecropping New labor system emerged in cotton economy sharecroppers rented land and paid the owner with a share of the crop - 50% both blacks and whites participated system led many sharecroppers into perpetual debt


Supreme Court Barriers :Supreme Court Barriers US v. Reese, 1876 - allowed the disenfranchisement of blacks, such as making up voting requirements that freedmen could not achieve Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 - allowed for segregation in almost all aspects of society The decisions allowed Southerners to construct a “Jim Crow” system of de facto laws


Waning Republican Support :Waning Republican Support 1870s - Radical Republicans lost influence and lost interest Liberal Republicans broke away to protest the scandals of the Grant administration 1873 economic depression refocused Northern goals


Compromise of 1877 :Compromise of 1877 1876 Election showed a narrow victory for the Democratic candidate, Tilden Republicans contested in three states Compromise reached whereas the Democrats would accept Hayes as the president if the Republicans ceased resistance to home rule in the South Reconstruction ends