The Future of Engineering Higher Education-Its Global Divestiture: The Future of Engineering Higher Education- Its Global Divestiture Dr. Lester Gerhardt Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York gerhal@rpi.edu Plenary Address ECEDHA - Engineering Profession Workshop November 14, 2005 Washington, D.C.


What’s Happening in…: What’s Happening in… China More Students in Colleges & Universities (20 million) than US, India, Russia, Japan Doubled Number of S & E PhDs From 1996-2001 to Greater Than 8,000 Beijing Geely University, one of 1,300 Private Universities – 20,000 Students @ $1,000/yr Tsinghua University – the MIT of China – Most Faculty Studied Abroad, English Popular Applications to US Down 60% in Last Two Years


Slide3: India More Stay in India for Higher Education Than Ever Before 12,000 Seats in 54 Engineering Institutions Berkeley, UCSD, CMU, Cornell, SUNY@Buffalo & Case Western 3 Year MOU with India (AMRITA Univ.) for Satellite Learning Network Funded by QUALCOMM, Microsoft, Cadence Applications to US Down More Than 40% in Last Two Years What’s Happening in…


Slide4: Malaysia Private Universities Developed by Industry Teaching in English Germany BS, MS, PhD Degree Structure Teaching in English ECTS Everywhere What’s Happening in…


Slide5: From a ‘Virtual Monopoly’ in Higher Education to Formidable International Competition The ‘ATT Divestiture Equivalent for Higher Education’ Single Digit Percentages of UG International Students High Double Digit Percentages of Graduate International Students For The US – A Changing Scene


A Contradiction?: A Contradiction? Engineering Has Held a Supremacy Role in the United States and in its Development BUT The US Now Graduates 15,000 Fewer Engineers Annually Than It Did 20 Years Ago AND Europe and Asia Produce 3-5 Times As Many Engineers As The US Which Are Available at 20%-30% the Cost of a US Engineer AND Many International Schools have Substantial Equivalency and Are Seeking Full Accreditation


A Typical University Circumstance: A Typical University Circumstance 70% International Applications Admissions of International Students Constrained by the Need for Providing Full Tuition and Stipend One Half of Graduate Student Body is International One Half of Those are From China From Which US Applications Have Dropped 60% in Two Years


International Applications: International Applications


Slide9: All Time High of 474,203 Up 4% Over 2002 Up 9% Over 1993 Full time Students at 72% Growth in All Fields Except Computer Science Postdoctoral Appointments at All Time High at 33,685 Women at 42% Up From 36% in 1993 US Graduate Enrollment in Science and Engineering – 2003*


Slide10: Underrepresented Minorities Increased First Time Full time Enrollment of Students with Temporary Visas Declined for the Second Year in a Row Decline of 6% From 2001 to 2002 Decline of 8% From 2002 to 2003 * http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf05317/ US Graduate Enrollment in Science and Engineering – 2003*


Slide11: Increase in First Time Enrollment China-3%, India-3%, Korea-5%, Middle East-11% First Time International Enrollment by Field Engineering- up 3% Physical Sciences- up 1% 2005 CGS International Graduate Admissions Survey III


The Rise of Competition in Graduate Education: Some Indicators: The Rise of Competition in Graduate Education: Some Indicators Europe produced more PhDs than US in 2003 Asia produced more PhDs than US in 2003 Application for Graduate Study in US is Down Bachelors (3 Yr. Becoming Standard in EU), Masters, PhD Format Adopted in Europe & Asia Cost Cooperation within EU & within Asia All seeking diverse student population Increased Teaching in English


Slide13: Technology Travel Distance Learning Language Diversity of Culture Uniformity of Process Best in Class Multi-National Corporations & EWP Competition & Cooperation Barrier Erosion of Global Education


The Reality: The Reality A Technologically Borderless Planet A Globally Interactive Economy A Distributed Educational System A Global Engineer is Needed Balancing Cooperation and Competitive Position


Specific Emphasis On:: Specific Emphasis On: Globalization of Education Distance Learning Proper Use of Advanced Technology Could and Should Accelerate Both


Generations of Distance Learning Technology*: Generations of Distance Learning Technology* Broadcast Technologies Same Instructional Model Interactive Video + Initial Internet Usage Websites, Electronic Course Material (e.g. MIT) Similar Instructional Model *Kim A. Scalzo, Director, Distributed Education & Multimedia, Rensselaer


Generations of Distance Learning Technology*: Internet Technologies 2-way Communications + Collaboration Increased Interaction between Students and with Professor Virtual Learning Online Conferencing, Chat Rooms Needs Change in Instructional Model Extension to Online Journal Publication (e.g. ASEE) *Kim A. Scalzo, Director, Distributed Education & Multimedia, Rensselaer Generations of Distance Learning Technology*


Generations of Distance Learning Technology*: Future Technologies Wireless Devices (PDA, Blackberry, etc.) Revolution in Instruction Innovation in Learning *Kim A. Scalzo, Director, Distributed Education & Multimedia, Rensselaer Generations of Distance Learning Technology*


Distance Learning for ?: Distance Learning for ? Undergraduate Students Graduate Students Yes for BOTH


US Need for International Exchange: US Need for International Exchange 96% of Humanity Lives Outside the U.S. Borders 13 Million Americans in Higher Education 175,000 (1.35%) of Those Have an International Education Experience Annually 5,000 (0.04%) of Those are Engineering Students


United States Internationalization in Higher Education: United States Internationalization in Higher Education “Crying in the Wilderness”


Global Engineering Education ExchangeProgram Characteristics: Tuition Paid at Home Institution Room & Board Paid at Host Institution Zero Net Flow of Student Semesters Geographically and Temporally Integrated Full Credit Transfer of Courses Policy on Grades Determined by Individual University Members Course Data Bank Voluntary Global Engineering Education Exchange Program Characteristics


Slide23: Students Exchanged Courses and Credits Exchanged Research Experiences Exchanged Dual/Joint Degrees Mandates A Move From Substantial Equivalency To International Accreditation A Need For Global Quality Assurance


The Future: The Future Homogeneity of the Process A Trend to Uniformity Heterogeneity of the Students A Trend to Diversity Safety Go Anywhere, Do Anything Insulating Bubble


Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices: English Becoming More Prevalent in Universities DTU, Budapest University, Tohoku University, Nanyang University, etc. Master Degree in Information Technology at TU Munich in English Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices


Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices: Erasmus Program Large Scale Partnerships Between European Universities Joint Degree Programs European Credit Transfer System – ECTS Common Standards and Practices within Europe Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices


Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices: Homogeneity of the Process: Common Practices ABET 2000 Outcome Assessment Based US and European Adoption Bologna Declaration More Unified Higher Education Approach Two-Cycle Bachelor’s and Master’s Across Europe Credit Accumulation System Quality Assurance and Accreditation Systems


Heterogeneity of the Students: Heterogeneity of the Students Large Number of International Graduate Students in the U.S. 572,509 in ’03/’04 overall 274,310 (of 1,893,736 US graduate students-14.5%) U.S. and Asian Students Sought in European Universities University Consortia – Global Draw Virtual Universities Country Independent


Internationalization: Internationalization


Internationalization: Internationalization


The Future: The Future Changing Face of Competition Traditional Campus Based University Distance Learning Virtual University Industry Based University International Competition Increasing A Global Virtual University Degree Credit Requirements


Slide33: Competition AND/or Cooperation


Required Aspects of Engineering Higher Education: Required Aspects of Engineering Higher Education Breadth and Depth Academic and Research Integration Flexibility Disciplinary, Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary Skill/Tool based Communication and Language, Leadership, Entrepreneurship, ‘Work and Play Well’ with Others Societal Impact Understanding and Appreciation


Selected Responsibilities of the University-Both Cultural and Technical: Selected Responsibilities of the University- Both Cultural and Technical Integrate Research and Academic Programs Match Global Needs With Degree Objectives Individual and Collective Responsibility Educational Outreach-Both K - 12 and EWP Promote Diversity Women-the Underrepresented Majority Underrepresented Minorities Leading and Reacting to Change


Engineering Educational Methodology: Engineering Educational Methodology Current Popular Paradigm Evolve Disciplinary to Multidisciplinary to Interdisciplinary Evolve from the Simple to the Complex Bottom up An Alternative Paradigm* Evolve Interdisciplinary to Multidisciplinary to Disciplinary Evolve From the Complex to the Simple Top down *Gary Gabriele- JEE, 7/05


Engineering-Commodity or Profession?: Engineering-Commodity or Profession?


Engineering as a Profession: Engineering as a Profession Click here for bullet


Engineering as a Profession: Engineering as a Profession Degrees Bachelors-Too much to learn, too few credits; core engineering; global experience; conflict of 3 yr. vs. 5 yr. degree Masters-First Professional Degree Doctorate (and postdoc) Licensing Accredited Professional degree, experience, continual renewal (EWP), and validation Professional Organization Leadership National role in public policy, government, industry, university


The Future: The Future European Community Asian Community United States


Extending Global Markets: Extending Global Markets


Selected Issues: Pebbles, Rocks, Boulders: Selected Issues: Pebbles, Rocks, Boulders


Selected Issues: Pebbles, Rocks, Boulders: Selected Issues: Pebbles, Rocks, Boulders


Slide44: University Sector PUSH Industry Sector PULL The Future University Sector PUSH Industry Sector PULL


Slide45: Industry Sector PULL University Sector PUSH The Future


Relentless Pursuit of Wisdom: Relentless Pursuit of Wisdom


The World is Flat: The World is Flat Click here for bullet