Paleozoic Vertebrates and Plants: Paleozoic Vertebrates and Plants Chapter 13 Part 2


Chapter 12&13 summary: Chapter 12&13 summary


Review of Paleozoic vertebrates: Review of Paleozoic vertebrates Jawless fish Jawed fish Eventually to amphibians


Slide4: Can amphibians take over the world? Dependence on water for reproduction


Amniote egg: Amniote egg Egg hatch as mini adult Skip larval stage With amniote egg: reptiles


Oldest known reptile - Mississippian: Oldest known reptile - Mississippian


Oldest reptile - Mississippian: Oldest reptile - Mississippian Reptile differences: Skull, jawbone better for chewing


Pennsylvanian reptilesHylonomus 30 cm long: Pennsylvanian reptiles Hylonomus 30 cm long Small for agility Easier to keep warm/burrow Easier to heat by sun


Pennsylvanian reptiles: Pennsylvanian reptiles Trapped in trees? Made dens there?


Slide10: Reptiles appear in Carboniferous Permian: reptiles dominate & amphibians displaced Why so successful? Advanced: Reproduction Movement Jaws/teeth


Permian reptiles: Permian reptiles Dominant group: Pelycosaurs (finbacks) Herbivores and carnivores


Dominant group: Pelycosaurs (finbacks): Dominant group: Pelycosaurs (finbacks) How can you tell herbivore vs. carnivore?


Finback reptile fossil: Finback reptile fossil Purpose of sail to: Scare off attacker? Protection? Sexual display? Thermal regulation?


Permian reptiles: Permian reptiles Pelycosaurs extinct in Permian Succeeded by therapsids Mammal-like reptiles


Permian therapsids: Permian therapsids Small-medium animals Start of mammal features Fewer skull bones Larger lower jaw Teeth with different functions More vertical legs Hair?


Permian therapsids: Permian therapsids Small-medium animals Start of mammal features Fewer skull bones Larger lower jaw Teeth with different functions More vertical legs Hair?


Permian therapsids: Permian therapsids Small-medium animals Start of mammal features Fewer skull bones Larger lower jaw Teeth with different functions More vertical legs Hair?


Permian therapsids: Permian therapsids Small-medium animals Start of mammal features Fewer skull bones Larger lower jaw Teeth with different functions More vertical legs Hair?


Permian theraspids: Permian theraspids Endothermic? (warm-blooded) Maintain constant body temperature Why important? How to prove/disprove?


End of Paleozoic: End of Paleozoic 90% of reptiles were therapsids 2/3 of reptiles wiped out in Permian extinction Plants were less affected


Two groups of plants: Two groups of plants Nonvascular: mosses, liverworts, fungi need water for survival. Vascular plants: tissue system to move water, nutrients (most land plants) Earliest land plants: nonvascular Evolved into vascular plants


Earliest vascular plant spores: Ordovician: Earliest vascular plant spores: Ordovician Nonvascular: mosses, liverworts, fungi need water for survival. Vascular plants: tissue system to move water, nutrients (most land plants) Earliest land plants: nonvascular Evolved into vascular plants


What do plants need to develop to be vascular?: What do plants need to develop to be vascular? Tissue to transport water/nutrients Tissue to support plant body Avoid desiccation with outer wall Protection from UV Roots to collect water/nutrients from soil Roots to anchor plant Leaves for photosynthesis


Which came first?: Which came first? Land plants or land animals?


Oldest land plant, Silurian: Oldest land plant, Silurian Simple leafless stalk with spores Seedless vascular plants Amphibian of plant world


Early Devonian landscape: Early Devonian landscape Early Devonian: low-growing plants Late Devonian: 30 foot tall plants


Devonian ferns: Devonian ferns Early Devonian: low-growing plants Late Devonian: 30 foot tall plants


Devonian plants: Devonian plants First: seedless vascular plants Seedless plants need water for reproduction Next: seed plants Why seeds?


Slide29: Seed plants: late Devonian Seedless vascular dominate Carboniferous Why plants important in Carboniferous?


Carboniferous swamps: Carboniferous swamps 70% of coal made from seedless vascular trees


Carboniferous flowerless seed plants: Carboniferous flowerless seed plants Drier, higher land


Paleozoic plants: Paleozoic plants By end of Permian: Flowerless seed plants take over Why seed plants not seedless? Climate drier and warmer


Carboniferous plants: Carboniferous plants Glossopteris Seed fern


Paleozoic plant evolution: Paleozoic plant evolution