Launching the New Ship of State :Launching the New Ship of State Chapter 10


This Day in History – October 23 :This Day in History – October 23 Notable Events 1991 Clarence Thomas, sworn in as Supreme Court Justice 1988 Robert Bork's supreme court nomination rejected by U.S. Senate 1973 Nixon agrees to turn over White House tape recordings to Judge Sirica 1942 During WW II, Britain launches major offensive at El Alamein, Egypt Notable Birthdays 1931 Jim Bunning 1925 Johnny Carson Notable Deaths


New Ship on an Uncertain Sea :New Ship on an Uncertain Sea George Washington is unanimously drafted as president. Washington established a diverse cabinet and advisors: Secretary of War – Henry Knox Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson *Attorney General - Edmund Randolph Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton Not mentioned in Constitution …”so help me God.”


Judiciary Act of 1789 :Created federal courts Organized the Supreme Court 1st Chief Justice = John Jay Established the office of Attorney General Judiciary Act of 1789


Hamilton’s Economic Plan :Hamilton’s Economic Plan


Hamilton and Public Credit :Hamilton and Public Credit Urged Congress to fund debt “at par” (principal + interest) Urged Congress to assume debts of states Why should this be done? Who would support this? Who would object to this?


Hamilton and Public Credit :Hamilton and Public Credit Assumption would chain states to union, & attach wealthy creditors to federal government States with large debts (Massachusetts) felt fortunate States with small debts (Virginia) needed convincing Hamilton persuaded Congress to create District of Columbia near VA Power and prestige added to area Got enough votes in Congress for assumption (1790).


Customs Duties :Customs Duties To pay off the debt and raise revenues : 1789, 8% tariff Also wanted to protect America’s industries 1791, excise tax on domestic items Whiskey (7¢/gallon)


Hamilton Battles Jefferson :Hamilton Battles Jefferson Hamilton proposed a national treasury Opposed by Jefferson Provide place for government funds, which would stimulate business by remaining in circulation. Print paper money, providing sound national currency. Hamilton’s Views: What was not forbidden in the Constitution was permitted. Bank was “necessary and proper” Evolved the Elastic Clause


Hamilton Battles Jefferson :Hamilton Battles Jefferson Jefferson’s Views: What was not permitted was forbidden Bank should be a state controlled item (9th) Constitution should be interpreted literally and strictly End Result Hamilton wins Bank of the United States created in 1791 Debate over bank revealed North/South split


This Day In History – October 22 :This Day In History – October 22 Events 1981 U.S. national debt tops $1 trillion 1962 John F. Kennedy imposes naval blockade on Cuba, beginning missile crisis 1861 1st telegraph line linking West and East coasts completed Birthdays 1973 Ichiro Death Charles “Pretty Boy” Floyd


Mutinous Moonshiners :Mutinous Moonshiners 1794: Whiskey rebellion in PA Whiskey was economic necessity, even used as money. Revenue officers were tarred & feathered, collections halted. Washington sent an army, soldiers found nothing.


Problems Grow :Problems Grow Hamilton’s success viewed as a threat to states’ rights Sentiment emerging that states are losing out to strong central government Founding Fathers never envisioned parties Tories-Whigs and Federalist-anti-federalist factions short lived Jefferson and Madison opposition to Hamilton strengthened into primitive political party


Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation :Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation French Revolution spreads into larger conflict with Britain Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans favored honoring 1778 alliance with France Hamilton led Federalists wanted to side with Britain Washington knew US weak militarily and economically war must be avoided. 1793: Neutrality Proclamation issued unilaterally


French Troublemaker :French Troublemaker Citizen Genêt arrives at Charleston to promote alliance with France Recruited Americans for invasions of FL, LA, Canada Believed true feelings not revealed Washington demanded his recall


Britain Tests Our Patience :Britain Tests Our Patience Retained chain of frontier posts 10 years Sold weapons to Miami Confederacy Noted hostility towards settlers General “Mad Anthony” Wayne-Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Greenville-land for $ and hunting rights Attacks on ships in French West Indies Impressed sailors Jeffersonians call for stiff penalties


Jay’s Treaty 1794-1795 :Jay’s Treaty 1794-1795 British attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300, impressed and imprisoned American sailors Jeffersonians called for war, Feds resisted (financial system) Hamilton secretly fed Britain talking points Brits agree to pay some damages and leave trade posts, but required US to pay old debts on pre-Revolution accounts. Jeffersonians felt treaty was surrender to Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts).


Pinckney Treaty of 1795 :Pinckney Treaty of 1795 a.k.a Treaty of San Lorenzo Spain afraid of Anglo-American alliance America got free navigation of the Mississippi River Large disputed territory north of Florida After second term Washington steps down, creating a strong two-term precedent. Farewell Address Warned against binding, permanent alliances


Adams becomes President :Adams becomes President 1796 campaign: Dem-Reps criticized crushing of Whiskey Rebellion, Jay’s treaty. Adams was supported by New England, def. Jefferson 71-68 in Electoral College. Jefferson becomes VP. Hamilton resigns and leads “High Federalists” Conspired against Adams


Unofficial Fighting with France :Unofficial Fighting with France France incensed with Jay’s Treaty, a violation of the 1778 Franco-American treaty, and began seizing American merchant ships. Refused our envoy XYZ Affair Adams sent three agents (John Marshall) to France French agents demanded bribe for talking of $250,000 to talk to Talleyrand in addition to hefty loan Americans wanted war – “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.” Who is embarrassed by this?


Unofficial Fighting with France :Unofficial Fighting with France US prepares for war Navy Department created expands navy est. US Marine Corps New army approved 10,000 troops 1798-1800: undeclared hostilities, mostly around West Indies, US captured over 80 French ships, lost several hundred to France. France does not want war and agrees to accept American minister Who is upset by this?


Patriotism above Party :Patriotism above Party Convention of 1800 signed Ended 1778 alliance in return for American paying of claims. Cost Adams second term but… kept US neutral and laid groundwork for Louisiana Purchase


Sedition Act :Sedition Act Anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. Obviously unconstitutional, but Federalists control Congress and courts. Written to expire in 1801


Alien Acts :Alien Acts Alien Laws: raised residency required for citizenship to 14 years (from 5), resulting in fewer Dem-Rep voters. Alien Laws also gave Pres. authority to deport (peace) or imprison (wartime) foreigners.


VA and KY Resolutions :VA and KY Resolutions Jefferson (secretly) & Madison write resolutions adopted by KY & VA legislatures arguing “nullification.” US gov’t had overstepped bounds, “compact” with states had been violated. As a result, states could “nullify” federal laws, specifically the Alien & Sedition Acts. Feds response: it’s people, not states, that formed union, therefore up to Supreme Court to nullify.


Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans :Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Federalists Federalists from before Constitution Strong government ruled by educated aristocrats, the “best people” Merchants, manufacturers, and shippers along Atlantic Foreign trade key in US


Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans :Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson, bad speaker but great leader Rule by informed classes and weaker central government National debt had to be paid off Mostly agrarians, but no privileges for upper class. Advocated rule of the people, but not all people, just those who were not ignorant Slavery could help avoid landless voters by providing necessary labor


1800 Presidential Election :1800 Presidential Election Jefferson vs. Adams Federalists party hurt by Hamilton desire for war John Adams’s “Jackasses” Naval personnel trained and not used Whispering Campaign about Jefferson


Slide 31:1800 Presidential Election


“Revolution of 1800” :“Revolution of 1800” Jefferson beats Adams 73-65, largely b/c New York switched due to influence of Aaron Burr. Problem: Jefferson & Burr (VP running mate) both received 73 votes House still controlled by lame duck Feds, who initially preferred Burr, but elected Jefferson after long deadlock. Significance of election: peaceful transfer of power – “revolutionary” achievement.


Federalist Finale :Federalist Finale Adams was to be last Federalist president, party faded. “Midnight Judges” led to Marbury v. Madison Judicial Review established Fed political & financial leaders had built solid foundations. Fed diplomats had signed “good” treaties with England, Spain, France, kept US out of war.


Jefferson the Moderate :Jefferson the Moderate Jefferson dismissed few Fed appointments Very little patronage Consistent with conciliatory inaugural address.


Jefferson Revolution :Jefferson Revolution Jefferson axed a few Fed policies: Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act. Reduced residency req. for citizenship back to 5 years. Repealed hated excise tax. Made efforts to eliminate debt.


Jefferson Revolution (sort of) :Jefferson Revolution (sort of) Did not attack: Tariff National Bank Funding at par Assumption. Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Feds) doesn’t mean disaster.


Jefferson as Commander-in-Chief :Jefferson as Commander-in-Chief Jefferson reduced sizes of army & navy distrusted large standing armies reduce debt 1801: pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of $, informally declared war on US. Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy 1805 Battle of Derna Victory for US Marine hymn “…to the shores of Tripoli."  and term leathernecks originate Agree to pay $60,000 for return of soldiers


Jefferson and Louisiana :Jefferson and Louisiana Jefferson sent two envoys to Napoleon to buy New Orleans and as much to the east as they could get for $10M. If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England. Envoy Livingston negotiates sale of all LA for $15M. Jefferson shocked wanted LA & land east, but got that plus all land west. Struggled with constitutionality


LA in the Long View :LA in the Long View Doubled size of US Avoided conflict with France & alliance with Britain. Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal sec. Lewis and army officer Clark to explore north LA. Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific. Bolstered national unity Loyalty in west, as shown by Burr’s failed plot


LA Purchase :Lewis and Clark would be surprised to see what has become of the lands they explored. The lands of the Louisiana Purchase are rich with natural resources and support enormous agricultural production. Natural Resources oil, natural gas, coal, gemstones, copper, iron ore, lead, zinc, silver, limestone, sulphur, diamonds, helium Major Agricultural and Livestock Production rice, cattle, chicken, hogs, corn, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, dairy products, hay LA Purchase


Jefferson’s 2nd Term :Jefferson’s 2nd Term Jefferson reelected in 1804, 162-14, but new European conflicts threatened successful US overseas trade. US not ready for war, but ships under attack Europeans depended on US for raw materials & foodstuffs. Jefferson tried to wield new weapon, passed Embargo Act (1807), prohibited exports from US.


Jefferson’s Embargo :Jefferson’s Embargo Economies of North, South & West devastated - New England talked of secession. Sparked development of American manufacturing 3x more expensive than war might have been Congress repealed embargo in 1809, but still restricted trade with England & France.


Madison Takes the Lead :Madison Takes the Lead Jefferson honors 2 term precedent and backs Madison 1808: Madison elected, but could not lead party like Jefferson 1810: Macon’s Bill #2. Madison's ploy to get either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions. Under Macon's Bill No. 2, if one country agreed to free trade with the US, sanctions would be re-imposed against the other nation.


Dupe of Napoleon :Dupe of Napoleon Aug., 1810: in response, Napoleon (lying) announced decrees had been repealed. Nov., 1810: Madison announces non-importation against Britain. Results in political ties with France.


War Hawks :War Hawks 12th Congress, meeting in 1811, saw large contingent of younger hotheads from South & West. These “war hawks” gained control of House, elected Henry Clay (KY) as Speaker. War hawks wanted strong America to protect rights of sailors, show world that democratic gov’t was viable…led to war with Britain Western hawks also wanted to wipe out renewed Indian threat…Northwest Confederacy led by Tecumseh


Tecumseh and the Prophet :Tecumseh and the Prophet Not to acknowledge the White Man’s “ownership” of land No Indian should cede control of land unless all Indians agree Defeated by William H. Harrison at Battle of Tippecanoe Indian alliance with Britain forthcoming as is American war with Britain