Ch5

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QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1 SECTION Warring City-States 2 SECTION Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 3 SECTION Alexander—Empire Builder 4 SECTION The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 5 MAP GRAPH Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C.

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HOME The early Mediterranean cultures set standards in the arts, law, government, and sciences that are spread by Alexander the Great and eventually have a profound influence on the thought and institutions of Western nations. Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C.

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2000 B.C. Minoan civilization prospers on Crete. 1500 B.C. Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland. About 1200 B.C. Trojan War takes place. 750 B.C. Greek city-states flourish. 479 B.C. Greece triumphs in Persian Wars. 334 B.C. Alexander starts to build his Empire. Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. –300 B.C. Time Line 2000 B.C. 300 B.C. HOME

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The island cultures of Minoa and Crete develop in the Mediterranean, while Greek-speaking peoples, separated by mountainous terrain, establish individual city-states. Overview Assessment Key Idea Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea HOME

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WHY IT MATTERS NOW Physical geography caused separate groups of Greek-speaking peoples to develop isolated societies. The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage were planted during this time period. Overview Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Assessment • Mycenaeans • Trojan War • Dorians • Homer • epics • myths HOME

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List examples of how geography affected early Greek civilization. Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea continued . . . HOME Land United parts of Greece; sea trade was important as Greece had few natural resources. Mountains made transportation, communication among cities difficult; small, independent communities developed; poor resources spurred growth of colonies; poor food production limited population growth. Moderate climate allowed for an outdoor lifestyle, open-air discussions. Sea Climate

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2. Why did the lack of writing represent a setback to the development of Greek civilization? THINK ABOUT Section Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1 Assessment • Minoan and Mycenaean accomplishments • uses of writing • other forms of communication ANSWER continued . . . • No means to record information • Communication limited to oral means—trade suffered • Limited ability to transmit knowledge and culture to succeeding generations Possible Responses: HOME

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3. Why do you think that early Greek epics and myths are so well known and studied in today’s society? THINK ABOUT Section Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 1 Assessment ANSWER End of Section 1 America idealizes virtue and the individual, or the hero, just as Greece did; people are still intrigued by the mysteries of nature. Possible Response: HOME • arete • Greek ideals compared to ideals in today’s world • early Greeks’ purpose of storytelling

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Rival city-states develop distinct political systems. Athens takes its first steps toward democracy, and Sparta develops into a military state. Overview Assessment Key Idea Warring City-States HOME MAP

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The growth of city-states in Greece led to the development of several political systems, including democracy. Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece. Overview Assessment • polis • acropolis • monarchy • aristocracy • oligarchy • phalanx • tyrant • helot • democracy • Persian Wars WHY IT MATTERS NOW HOME Warring City-States MAP

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major battles of the Persian Wars in Greece. For each battle, include the victor. continued . . . HOME Battle at Marathon Athenians Confrontation at Thermopylae Persians Salamis Athenians Plataea Plain Spartans Warring City-States MAP

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2. How was living in Athens different from living in Sparta? THINK ABOUT Section 2 Assessment • roles of citizens • type/form of government • societal values ANSWER • Athens had built a democracy, Sparta was ruled by kings and was a military state For men, daily life in Athens was centered around the polis; in Sparta, daily life for men was centered around military training • Athenians valued beauty, individuality, and freedom of thought; Spartans valued duty, strength, and discipline. Warring City-States HOME MAP Possible Responses: End of Section 2

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Athens reaches a golden age in the arts, science, economics, and military power. War with Sparta and a plague bring an end to Athenian achievement. Overview Assessment Key Idea Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age HOME

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Democratic principles and classical culture flourished during Greece’s golden age. At its height, Greece set lasting standards in art, politics, literature, and philosophy that are still adhered to today. Overview Assessment • direct democracy • classical art • tragedy • comedy • Peloponnesian War • philosophers • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age WHY IT MATTERS NOW HOME

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continued . . . HOME Glorify Athens: Hired artists, built architectural projects and the Parthenon Pericles’ Goals Strengthen Athens’ democracy: Increased number of paid officials, increased citizen participation Hold and strengthen empire: Built navy through Delian League’s funds, protected overseas trade 1. List Pericles’ three goals for Athens. Give at least one example for each. Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age

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Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Section 3 Assessment ANSWER • Agree with the Sophists: Many cultural differences exist in the world; only one set of rules for justice and truth would not work because people would rebel. • Agree with Socrates: Standards exist for what is right and wrong; governing people in this way is more feasible because everyone knows what is expected. Possible Responses: 2. Socrates believed in absolute standards for truth and justice. Sophists believed that standards of truth and justice are in the eye of the beholder. What is your opinion? THINK ABOUT • differences in values • purpose of law • circumstances continued . . . HOME

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3. How does the concept of “hubris” from Greek tragedy apply to the Peloponnesian War? THINK ABOUT Section Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 3 Assessment ANSWER End of Section 3 “Hubris” means the excessive pride that often leads to the downfall of a hero. Athens under Pericles was excessively proud of its sea power and seriously underestimated Sparta. Possible Response: HOME • Spartans’ and Athenians’ opinion of themselves • why “hubris” is a tragic flaw • why the war started

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Alexander conquers Greece, Persia, and Egypt and extends his empire to the Indus River. He spreads Greek culture throughout the empire. Overview Assessment Key Idea Alexander— Empire Builder HOME

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Alexander the Great conquered Persia and Egypt and extended his empire to the Indus River in northwest India. Alexander’s empire extended across three continents that today consist of many nations and diverse cultures. Overview Assessment • Philip II • Macedonia • Demosthenes • Alexander the Great • Darius III Alexander— Empire Builder WHY IT MATTERS NOW HOME

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe how far north, south, east, and west Alexander ruled. Section 4 Assessment continued . . . HOME Macedonia Greece Egypt India Alexander— Empire Builder

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Section 4 Assessment ANSWER 2. If Alexander had lived, do you think he would have been as successful in ruling his empire as he was in building it? THINK ABOUT • skills needed for military leadership • skills needed to govern an empire Alexander— Empire Builder • Alexander’s demonstrated abilities • Yes. His ability to govern points to his intelligence and ability to lead. • No. He had an inflexible attitude, and military skills are not the same as political skills. Possible Responses: HOME End of Section 4

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Hellenistic culture, a blend of Greek and other cultures, flourishes throughout Greece, Egypt, and Asia. Its achievements have a lasting influence on Western Europe. Overview Assessment Key Idea The Spread of Hellenistic Culture HOME GRAPH

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Hellenistic culture, a blend of Greek and other influences, flourished throughout Greece, Egypt, and Asia. Western civilization today continues to be influenced by diverse cultures. Overview Assessment The Spread of Hellenistic Culture WHY IT MATTERS NOW HOME GRAPH

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Hellenistic achievements in each of the four categories shown below. continued . . . Section 5 Assessment HOME Disproved the belief that the sun was smaller than Greece, advanced the theory that earth revolves around sun astronomy geometry philosophy art Stoicism, Epicureanism Realism in sculpture, Colossus of Rhodes Euclid’s The Elements, calculation of pi The Spread of Hellenistic Culture GRAPH

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The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Section 5 Assessment ANSWER Greek culture and language traveled with Alexander’s armies. Many Greek and Macedonian merchants, artisans, and officials settled in the lands that he conquered and the colonies that he established. Possible Response: 2. Describe how the growth of Alexander’s empire spread Greek culture. THINK ABOUT • public vs. private art • realistic vs. ideal representations • the decline of the polis continued . . . HOME GRAPH

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3. The Hellenistic culture brought together Egyptian, Greek, Persian, and Indian influences. How is American culture a combination of different influences? Give examples of those influences. THINK ABOUT Section The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 5 Assessment ANSWER End of Section 5 The United States has attracted peoples from many cultures. Their various religions, foods, languages, customs, and traditions have blended into or added to U.S. culture. Possible Response: HOME • American immigration • geographic regions/influences • your own cultural background GRAPH