BIOLOGY: :BIOLOGY: Carbon and Macromolecules


Slide 2:Which of these major elements can make the most bonds? Which of these major elements can make most varied bond arrangements?


Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons :Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons The answer is Carbon.


Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers :Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers


Figure 4.6 Three types of isomers :Figure 4.6 Three types of isomers


Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers :Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers


Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides :Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides


Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose :Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose


Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis :Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis


Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures :Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures


Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures :Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures


Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides :Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides


Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls :Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls


Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha :Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha


Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow :Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow


Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread :Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread


Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol :Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol


Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids :Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids


Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid :Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid


Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments :Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments


Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid :Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid


Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones :Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones


Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar :Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar


Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged :Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged


Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein :Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein


Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein :Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein


Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein :Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein


Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins :Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins


Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure :Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure


Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme :Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme


Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease :Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease


Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein :Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein


Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein :Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein


Figure 5.27 X-ray crystallography :Figure 5.27 X-ray crystallography


Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick :Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick


Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin :Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin


Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids :Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids