Slide 1:By Dr.Eng WALID TARAWNEH Course Outlines A General View To Nuclear Medicine L-0 Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation


Lecturer :Lecturer Name ; “ WALID SALAMEH TARAWNEH ” Qualifications ; PhD in Biomedical engineering 30 years experience Member of the ACCE and the IEEE- BME Chairman of the JBES Technical deputy manager Head of QA &QC Dep’t at DBE - MOH Publication and inventions ; 15 Publications 2 inventions Address ; Amman RSS - DBE  06 5350613 EXT 227 or 228  0777778856 0799049449 e-mail ; walidst@yahoo.com wal-tarawneh@accenet.org 8 آب 2008 2 Dr.Walid Tarawneh


Nuclear Medicine :Nuclear Medicine Definition : Can be defined as the practice of making patients Radioactive for Diagnostic and Therapeutic purposes. The use of radioactivity and radioactive material in medicine is the part that distinguishes nuclear medicine from diagnostic radiology The Diagnostic nuclear medicine is successful for many reasons : It can rely on the use of very small amounts of materials (picomolar concentrations in chemical terms) thus usually not having any effect on the processes being studied, The radionuclide's being used can penetrate tissue and be detected outside the patient. Thus the materials can trace processes or “opacity” غير الشفافة organs without affecting their function. 8 آب 2008 3 Dr.Walid Tarawneh


Origins of Nuclear Medicine :Origins of Nuclear Medicine 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovers x-rays 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered mysterious "rays" from uranium. 1897 Marie Curie named the mysterious rays "radioactivity." 1903 Alexander Graham Bell suggested placing sources containing radium in or near tumors. 1924 Georg de Hevesy, J.A. Christiansen and Sven Lomholt performed the first radiotracer (lead-210 and bismuth-210) studies in animals. 1936 John H. Lawrence , made the first clinical therapeutic application of an artificial radionuclide when he used phosphorus-32 to treat leukemia. 1942 Enrico Fermi and his associates demonstrated the first controlled chain reaction under the bleachers at Stagg Field at the University of Chicago. 1951 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sodium iodide 1-131 for use with thyroid patients. It was the first FDA-approved radiopharmaceutical. 1957 W.D. Tucker's group at the Brookhaven National Laboratory invented the iodine-132 and technetium-99m generator, making these short-lived radionuclides available at distant sites from the production of the parent radionuclides. 1958 Hal Anger invented the "scintillation camera," an imaging device that made it possible to conduct dynamic studies. 8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 4 Wilhelm Roentgen Henri Becquerel Marie Curie


Slide 5:1959 Picker X-Ray Company delivered the first 3-inch rectilinear scanner. 1962 David Kuhl introduced emission reconstruction tomography. This method later became known as SPECT and PET. It was extended in radiology to transmission X-ray scanning, known as CT. 1962 John Kuranz, Nuclear Chicago, delivered the first commercial Anger camera to William Myers at Ohio State University. 1964 Paul Harper and Katherine Lathrup developed radiotracers labeled with Tc-99m for the study of brain, thyroid and liver. . 1971 The American Medical Association officially recognized nuclear medicine as a medical specialty. 1976 John Keyes developed the first general purpose single photo emission computed tomography (SPECT) camera. Ronald Jaszczak developed the first dedicated head SPECT camera. 1983 Henry Wagner carried out the first successful PET imaging of a neuroreceptor using himself as the experimental subject. 1982 –up to date many nuclear medicine equipment where designed and developed 2008 . You at Amman Alahlya university are the first in Arab university that studying the nuclear medicine instrumentations 8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 5 Georg de Hevesy Ernest Rutherford


What is Nuclear Medicine? And What are the responsibilities? :What is Nuclear Medicine? And What are the responsibilities? Nuclear Medicine combines the sciences of chemistry, physics, mathematics, medicine and computer technology to provide information about the function and basic structure of an organ NMT nuclear medicine technology is responsible for administration of radioactive pharmaceuticals in diagnosis, treatment, and investigation of human disease. NMT nuclear medicine technologist is a health care professional with specialized training in preparation, administration, safe handling, and storage of radioactive materials. 8 آب 2008 6 Dr.Walid Tarawneh


How to use Nuclear Medicine? :How to use Nuclear Medicine? Use of painless, safe and cost effective techniques to image the body and treat disease Provides information for both structure and function Uses of small amount of radioactive materials (radiopharmaceuticals) to diagnose and treat disease. 8 آب 2008 7 Dr.Walid Tarawneh


How does Nuclear Medicine work??? :How does Nuclear Medicine work??? Preparing of Radiopharmaceutical Radiopharmaceuticals go directly to part of body being imaged Imaging: radiopharmaceuticals detected by special types of cameras (Anger, gamma or scintillation cameras) Computers provide precise images of area of body imaged. 8 آب 2008 8 Dr.Walid Tarawneh


What are the Risk?? :What are the Risk?? Amount of radiation is equivalent to a diagnostic X-ray Amount received for treatment is keep within safe levels. Radiation is in our daily lives (cosmic, natural, man-made) 8 آب 2008 9 Dr.Walid Tarawneh Ordinary patient Radioactive Patient


Common Nuclear Medicine Terminology :Common Nuclear Medicine Terminology Radio active decay : Unstable nuclei change (decay) towards stable states by emitting particle and rays Radiopharmaceutical: radio active material which is prepared as a tagged compound necessary to produce images. HOT LAB : place to prepare Radiopharmaceutical Thyroid uptake: procedure to monitor information about the structure and function of the thyroid responsible of processes that regulates the rate at which the body converts food to energy Gamma camera: instrument used to produce nuclear medicine images. Bone Densitometer: instrument for Osteoporosis هشاشة العظام measurement PET: (positron emission tomography) produces high energy 3 dimensional image SPECT: (single photon emitted computed tomography) provides 3 dimensional view of organ being imaged , , , , Х, η, ρ, е- and е+ : are particles and rays results of radiation processes 8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 10


Nuclear medicine equipment :Nuclear medicine equipment Generally fall into two categories Diagnostic equipment : low level radiation ( isotope) tracer detection device used to measure target organ function The use of radiopharmaceuticals through injection in the study organ and measured for concentration by radioactive detectors and counters - gamma camera , thyroid uptake Therapeutic equipment Low level localized radiation isotope sources used to treat tumorous growth - cobalt medical equipment Accelerated electronic / photonic beams used to treat or destroy of tumorous growth – linear accelerators The most costly equipment in health care organization are the nuclear medicine equipment 8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 11


Slide 12:8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 12 Positron Emission Tomography PET GAMMA CAMERA PET/CT scanner Thyroid probe


Attention :Attention Great attention must be paid to the radiation protection when dealing with radioactive materials , nuclear and radiology equipment. Detection of radioactivity and image processing is one of the most important issues that nuclear medicine is dealing with . A good knowledge with Radiopharmaceuticals is needed when using isotopes nuclear medicine. That is way our course plan should cover the following outlines : 8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 13


Course outlines :Course outlines L0 - Course outlines - -------------------------------------- week 1/1 L1 - Basic to Nuclear Physics ---------------------------- week 1/2 L2 - Radioactivity ------------------------------------------ week 2/1 L3 - Radioactive Decay ------------------------------------- week 2/2 L4 - Radiation and radiation units ---------------------- week 3/1 L5 - Interaction of Radiation with Matters ----------- week 3/2 L6 – Radiopharmaceuticals ------------------------------- week 4/1 L7 - Radiation Detectors and Radiation detection - week 4/2 L8 - Radiation doses and protection part 1---------- week 5/1 L9- Radiation doses and protection part 2 ---------- week 5/2 L10 - Nuclear Imaging part 1----------------------------- week 6/1 L11- Nuclear Imaging part 2------------------------------- week 6/2 L12 - Hot Nuclear Medicine Lab ------------------------ week 7/1 L13 - Gamma Camera ------------------------------------- week 7/2 L14 - Bone Densitometer -------------------------------- week 8/1 L15 - Thyroid Scan and Uptake ------------------------- week 8/2 L16 - SPECT -------------------------------------------------- week 9/1 L17 - PET ----------------------------------------------------- week 9/2 L18 - Radiotherapy equipment ------------------------- week 10/1 L19- Nuclear medicine department ------------------- week 10/2 L20- Nuclear medicine organization and regulations week 13/1 14 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 8 آب 2008


Quizzes and Exams :Quizzes and Exams First after L-7 20% Second after L- 13 20% Final after L-20 50% shall include the important parts of L1-L13 10% - Shall be recorded for individual activity during the course : الحضور و الغياب الاجابة على الاسئلة اثناء المحاضرات 8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 15


References :References Christian, Paul E. (2004) Nuclear Medicine and PET: Technology and Techniques. United States: Mosby, Inc. Barbara Y. Croft , Benjamin M.W. Tsui , Nuclear Medicine , The Biomedical Engineering Handbook , Third Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino part 64 2006 Larry MacDonald, Course website (Nuclear Medicine Imaging), 22 May 2008 http://depts.washington.edu/uwmip/ Nuclear Medicine and Pet, fifth edition by, Christian Bernier Elena Buglova ,Radiation Health Effects Incident and Emergency Centre Department of Nuclear Safety and Security ,IAEA Michael A. Thompson , Nuclear Medicine Technology Program, University of Alabama, 1999 Paul Kinahan, Adam Alessio, Ruth Schmitz, Lawrence MacDonald, Bioengineering 508, Physical Aspects of Medical Imaging lectures Department of Radiology University of Washington 2007 . http://depts.washington.edu/nucmed/IRL/ Thomas F. Budinger and Henry F. VanBrocklin , Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) The Biomedical Engineering Handbook , Third Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino part 67 2006 8 آب 2008 16 Dr.Walid Tarawneh


Slide 17:Christian Waterstram-Rich. (2007).Nuclear Medicine and Pet/CT. St. Louis, Mo. Dale L. Bailey. (2008).Positron Emission Tomography-Basic Science. Published 2005, Springer. Peter E. Valk, Dale L. Bailey, David W. Townsend, Michael N. Maisey . (2008). Positron Emission Tomography-Basic Science and Clinical Practice.Published 2003, Springer KNOLL GF. Radiation detection and measurements 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, 1999 8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 17


Slide 18:8 آب 2008 Dr.Walid Tarawneh 18


Important :Important Pay attention Write your notes Don’t miss any lecture This is the first time that similar lectures is given Complete this course successfully I assure that you will be a qualified engineer in nuclear medicine instrumentation The local and the international market is in extremely needs for qualified engineers in this field So work is waiting for you just after completing this course lets start and not losing time 8 آب 2008 19 Dr.Walid Tarawneh


Slide 20:Good luck For all of you 8 آب 2008 20 Dr.Walid Tarawneh