designing advanced fighter aircraft

DESIGNING ADVANCED FIGHTER AIRCRAFT : 

1 DESIGNING ADVANCED FIGHTER AIRCRAFT Dr.VAISHAK.P

Slide 2: 

2 Fighter Aircraft Requirements The Evolution of Stealth Technology The Advanced Tactical Fighter The Design Process The Future of Aircraft Design Opportunities for ME’s in Aerospace ASME TODAY’S AGENDA

MODERN FIGHTER AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS : 

3 MODERN FIGHTER AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS Air Superiority – controlling the airspace within a limited area and within a limited length of time Stealth – seeing the enemy before they see you Maneuverability – not top speed, but climbing performance, acceleration and turning speed Aerodynamics – wing loading – aircraft weight divided by wing area – one of the most important Range – ability of the aircraft to reach the combat zone and cover it Engine – thrust to weight ratio, favorable fuel consumption, low infrared and smoke Avionics – Vehicle and systems management, reduced pilot workload, all weather capability Armament- kind and quantity of stores on board Reliability and Maintainability – systems have a high operational rate and are easy to repair

THE EVOLUTION OF STEALTH AIRCRAFT : 

4 THE EVOLUTION OF STEALTH AIRCRAFT Romulan “Bird of Prey” Equipped with “Cloaking Device.” Made the craft invisible to Federation sensors. From the earliest days, deception and stealth have been used to gain the advantage over an enemy in combat. Early combat aircraft used camouflage to make visual detection difficult. The advent of RADAR in the late 1930’s and during WWII enabled the early detection of aircraft in flight.

THE EVOLUTION OF STEALTH : 

5 THE EVOLUTION OF STEALTH NORTHROP YB-49 BOMBER Designed by Jack Northrop in the late 1940’s. Role was as a strategic bomber. Its unique wing shape produced a low radar cross section, although the goal was improved performance.

THE EVOLUTION OF STEALTH : 

6 THE EVOLUTION OF STEALTH DESIGN IN THE 50’S AND 60’S Stealth in aircraft design does not mean invisible – it means “Low Observable,” reducing the radar cross section. Little effort in the 50’s and 60’s. Integrating low observable aspects meant compromising performance – so designers concentrated on speed, maneuverability, and weapons. A-12/SR-71 has rounded lines, wing/body blending, conical center bodies, fuselage chine and canted twin fins to reduce radar reflectivity. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird

STEALTH CHARACTERISTICS : 

7 STEALTH CHARACTERISTICS Airframe shaped for Low Radar Cross Section Use of Radar Absorbent Material (RAM) Minimized engine noise Reduced infrared signature Reduced visual signature Use of electronic countermeasures

THE FIRST STEALTH AIRCRAFT : 

8 THE FIRST STEALTH AIRCRAFT F-117A Nighthawk USAF and DARPA studies initiated in 1973 – project Have Blue Air Force invites proposals to develop technology prototype Lockheed and Northrop were finalists and each built a prototype for a “fly-off” Lockheed wins production contract in 1976 Mission – covert reconnaissance and covert surgical strikes Subsonic – limited performance

FIGHTER GENERATIONS : 

9 FIGHTER GENERATIONS Gen 1 – Earliest jet fighters: Germany’s Me 262, Britain’s Meteor, US F-80. Hallmark was advance in speed over piston engine aircraft Gen 2 – Korean War era: USAF f-86 and Soviet MiG-15. Designers maximized performance by tailoring airframe to jet engine. (Use of swept wings is an example) Gen 3 – late 50s early 60s: USAF Century Series F-100, F-101, F-102, F-104, F-105, F-106 and Soviet MiG-17 and MiG-21. Featured advanced missiles, supersonic speed and sophisticated engines. F-4 Phantom was late Gen 3 fighter. Gen 4 – mid 1970s: USAF F-15 and F-16 and Soviet Su-27 and MiG-29. Highly maneuverable, sophisticated weapons, engines and avionics. Gen 5 – today: all aspect stealth, internal weapons, plug and play electronics and supercruise. USAF F-22 and F-35 coming. Source - Air Force Magazine – Sept. 2008

STEALTH GROWS UP : 

10 STEALTH GROWS UP 1980 report concluded that B-1 bomber would be unable to penetrate Soviet air space beyond 1990 Positive results from Have Blue (F-117) justified launch of a full-scale low-observable bomber program (Advanced Technology Bomber – ATB) Lockheed/Rockwell team and a Northrop/Boeing team responded to requests for proposals Northrop relied on experience studying stealth technology and its extensive experience with flying wing designs and was awarded the contract

STEALTH GROWS UP : 

11 STEALTH GROWS UP NORTHROP – GRUMMAN B-2 SPIRIT Length – 69ft Height – 17ft Wingspan – 172 ft Max Speed – Mach .85 Range 6300 nm Armament – 40,000 lbs in internal weapons bays Powerplant – four GE F-118-GE-100 turbofans – 17,300 lbs

DEVELOPING A TRULY STEALTH FIGHTER : 

12 DEVELOPING A TRULY STEALTH FIGHTER WHY THE NEED? Late 1970’s – Soviets building far more fighters than US Massive Soviet surface to air missile threat USAF looking to technology to counter Soviet numerical advantage In 1981 USAF issued a Request for Information (RFI) for the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) A RFI does not offer any money or production contracts, it defines mission, the threat, service entry date and new features that are desirable and feasible Supercruise (the ability to achieve supersonic flight without afterburner) and stealth were considered essential components, although stealth was still considered an exotic technology

DEVELOPING A TRULY STEALTH FIGHTER : 

13 DEVELOPING A TRULY STEALTH FIGHTER THE ADVANCED TACTICAL FIGHTER (ATF) PROGRAM Air Force opts to build a truly air-to-air fighter to follow the F-15 Eagle air superiority fighter - designed to enter service in mid 90’s In 1983 USAF issues Request for Proposals (RFP) for ATF and the Joint Advanced Fighter Engine (JAFE) General Electric and Pratt & Whitney vie for engine contract Lockheed, Rockwell, Grumman, McDonnell Douglas, General Dynamics, Boeing and Northrop vie for aircraft contract McDonnell Douglas and General Dynamics were thought to have the inside track because of F-15 and F-16 But stealth proved to be the deciding factor. Both Northrop and Lockheed fell back on their stealth experience and proposed stealthy fighters that could perform as well as non-stealthy fighters

DEVELOPING A TRULY STEALTH FIGHTER : 

14 DEVELOPING A TRULY STEALTH FIGHTER THE ADVANCED TACTICAL FIGHTER (ATF) PROGRAM In October 1986 the USAF awards the contracts to build prototype aircraft to Northrop and Lockheed Northrop teamed with McDonnell Douglas to build the YF-23A Lockheed - Boeing - General Dynamics comprised the other team to build the YF-22A. Aircraft first flights in the Fall of 1990. Lockheed Martin awarded contract in April 1991. The F-22 is now in production.

YF-23A BLACK WIDOW II : 

15 YF-23A BLACK WIDOW II Two Prototypes were built PAV 1 - two Pratt & Whitney YF119 engines PAV 2 - two GE YF120 engines Wing Span 43.6 ft Length 67.4 ft Height 13.9 ft Wing area 900 sq. ft. Top Speed Mach 2+ Range 800 Nm Altitude 65,000 ft Air Superiority Low Observable Super-cruise - mach 1+ without afterburner

NORTHROP GRUMMAN AN AIRFRAME MANUFACTURER : 

16 NORTHROP GRUMMAN AN AIRFRAME MANUFACTURER Responsible for the design, manufacture and integration of aircraft and aircraft sub-assemblies Boeing (McDonnell Douglas/Northrop) F/A-18F Super Hornet F/A-18 Carrier Takeoff

AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROCESS : 

17 AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROCESS Customer Requirements Conceptual Design Phase General size and configuration of the aircraft • aerodynamics studies • thrust loading • wing loading • wing sweep • general body, wing and tail configurations Preliminary Design Phase Best conceptual design is chosen for testing • inlet/engine/airframe integration • major loads and stresses • weight • stability and control • internal arrangement Detailed Design Phase Configuration frozen • Detailed structural design • Detailed system design and installation • Production drawings Development Phase Manufacturing and assembly

AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING GROUPS : 

18 AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING GROUPS Aerodynamics Advanced Design Avionics (airborne electronics) Crew Station (cockpit) ECS (environmental control system) Electrical Flight Test Fuel Systems Hydraulic Systems Propulsion Integration (engines) Reliability and Maintainability Safety Structures Vehicle Management (flight control)

CONFIGURATION/SYSTEMSINTEGRATION : 

19 CONFIGURATION/SYSTEMSINTEGRATION Responsible for overall internal and external systems arrangement Work with every design group and coordinate and integrate their designs into a single aircraft design Final Product: Inboard Profile Drawing • Aperture Arrangement • Three Views • Zone Drawings F-20A Tigershark

INBOARD PROFILE : 

20 INBOARD PROFILE F-23A Advanced Tactical Fighter Profile View

APERTURE ARRANGEMENT : 

21 APERTURE ARRANGEMENT YF-23A Prototype Air Vehicle – Plan View

AIRCRAFT DESIGN IS A COMPROMISE : 

22 AIRCRAFT DESIGN IS A COMPROMISE It is the task of the aircraft design engineer to balance the customer requirements with the physical constraints, cost and time-scale, in order to produce the most effective aircraft possible. Aircraft Design Requires Teamwork No “one” design group is more important than the others. Note: All Engineering involves Compromises!

LOOK WHAT HAPPENS WHEN DESIGN GROUPS HAVE THEIR WAY : 

23 LOOK WHAT HAPPENS WHEN DESIGN GROUPS HAVE THEIR WAY

ENGINEERING JOB DESCRIPTIONS : 

24 ENGINEERING JOB DESCRIPTIONS Design - From Concept to Production Good understanding of engineering principles See things in 3-D (Geometry, Graphics, Kinematics) Like to solve problems, come up with better ways of doing things Analysis - Verify engineering designs (Stress, Thermal, Aerodynamics, Dynamics) Engineering Theory and Mathematics Problem solving Test - Verify functionality of design Basic understanding of engineering theory and design principles Lab work and strict guidelines and procedures Operations- Maintaining and operating final product Basic understanding of engineering design and systems Understand how and why things work

Slide 25: 

25 YF-23A BLACK WIDOW II

Slide 26: 

26 LOCKHEED MARTIN F-22A RAPTOR Wing Span 44.5 ft Length 62 ft 1 in Wing area 830 sq. ft. Top Speed Mach 2+ Range 800 Nm Altitude 65,000 ft Air Superiority Low Observable Two Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 Turbofans @ 35,000 lbs

Slide 27: 

27 LOCKHEED MARTIN X-35 (F-35) JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER

Bureau of Labor Statistics - Aerospace Outlook : 

28 Bureau of Labor Statistics - Aerospace Outlook . Employment Change 2006 - 2016 Aerospace engineers held about 90,000 jobs in 2006. Aerospace engineers are expected to have 10 percent growth in employment over the projections decade, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Increases in the number and scope of military aerospace projects likely will generate new jobs. In addition, new technologies expected to be used on commercial aircraft produced during the next decade should spur demand for aerospace engineers. The employment outlook for aerospace engineers appears favorable. The number of degrees granted in aerospace engineering has declined for many years because of a perceived lack of opportunities in this field. Although this trend has reversed, new graduates continue to be needed to replace aerospace engineers who retire or leave the occupation for other reasons. Mechanical engineers held about 227,000 jobs in 2006. Mechanical engineers are projected to have 4 percent employment growth over the projections decade, slower than the average for all occupations.

AEROSPACE & ME SALARIES : 

29 AEROSPACE & ME SALARIES Average starting salary for Bachelor’s degree candidates in aerospace engineering is $53,408 a year. (2007) Average starting salary for Bachelor’s degree candidates in mechanical engineering is $54,128 a year. (2007)

THE FUTURE : 

30 BOEING 787 DREAMLINER THE FUTURE

THE FUTURE : 

31 AIRBUS A380 THE FUTURE

THE FUTURE : 

32 Northrop Grumman X-47B Pegasus Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstrator (UCAS-D). THE FUTURE

THE FUTURE : 

33 THE FUTURE BOEING 797 FLYING WING PASSENGER JET

THE FUTURE : 

34 SCALED COMPOSITES SPACESHIP ONE (Building Spaceship Two for Virgin Galactic) http://www.scaled.com/index.html THE FUTURE

THE FUTURE : 

35 SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES FALCON 1 LAUNCH VEHICLE http://www.spacex.com THE FUTURE

THE FUTURE : 

36 THE FUTURE ORION CREW EXPLORATION VEHICLE

THE FUTURE : 

37 THE FUTURE ARES I Launch Vehicle (5 segment shuttle SRB for the 1st stage and a liquid fueled J2X engine for the second stage) ARES V Launch Vehicle (two - 5 segment shuttle SRBs and a 33 ft diameter liquid fueled booster with 5 RS-68 engines for the 1st stage and an Earth Departure Stage with a single J2X engine)

THE FUTURE : 

38 THE FUTURE LUNAR SURFACE ACCESS MODULE

THE FUTURE : 

39 THE FUTURE ORION AND LSAM

For More Information : 

40 For More Information ASME Professional Practice Curriculum (PPC) The ASME Professional Practice Curriculum was developed by senior engineers, managers, and faculty leaders for early-career engineers and engineering students to supplement and enhance their formal engineering education. The curriculum covers a diverse array of topics on principles of engineering and business practice and professionalism aimed to better prepare graduates for entry into and early advancement in the engineering profession. http://professionalpractice.asme.org/ Industry Series – Aerospace Module Introduction Industry Scope Industry Sectors Industry Operations Job Functions Industry Outlook Mapping Your Career Industry Resources Summary

Aerospace Web Sites : 

41 Aerospace Web Sites Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/ About Aerospace/Aviation - Links to many aerospace employers http://aerospace.about.com/industry/aerospace/cs/aviationjobs/index.htm SpaceJobs.com - Aviation and Aerospace business news and job search http://www.spacejobs.com/index.shtml Aircraft Design Sites http://www.aircraftdesign.com/other.html Aerospace Industries Association – sign up for AIA Update http://www.aia-aerospace.org/

Aerospace Web Sites : 

42 Aerospace Web Sites AOL Hometown - Aerospace Job Search http://hometown.aol.com/aerojobs/Welcome.html Nation Job - Job database and search engine http://www.nationjob.com/aviation/ NASA - Job and internship information http://www.nasajobs.nasa.gov/ http://www.nasajobs.nasa.gov/stud_opps/ Aerospace Mall - A directory of many aerospace/aviation related companies (From airframe to suppliers, from military to general aviation) http://www.aerospacemall.com/ Internships http://www.Tech-Interns.com

ASME STUDENT MEMBERSHIP : 

43 ASME STUDENT MEMBERSHIP Founded in 1880 as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, today ASME International is a nonprofit educational and technical organization serving a worldwide membership of 100,000 members and 20,000 student members. ASME offers students a wide range of technical and non technical benefits that will enable them to grow professionally, learn about the engineering profession, and gain valuable skills needed in today;s highly competitive work environment. Any student enrolled in any curriculum leading to a degree in engineering at a regionally accredited school is eligible to join. You don’t have to a Mechanical Engineering Student. Dues, $25 per year (10/1 thru 9/30) Freshmen can join for free. http://www.asme.org/students or call 800-843-2763

For More Information : 

44 For More Information Dr.VAISHAK.P vxadems@gmail.com 009600166030 009895242638.