Hebrew Organization for Self Defence

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Link Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJZal1-MGb4 Hebrew self defense Organizations in Yishuv (Hebrew community in Palestine)

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Hebrew self defense Organizations in Yishuv (Hebrew community in Palestine)

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39 THE BEGINNING It was born in Sarajevo in Bosnia. After a period of study in Jerusalem (where become advocates of teaching Kabbala) is return in Serbia, where leads a small Hebrew Sephardic community in the town Semlim (Zemun), near Belgrade (1825). His name: Rabbi Solomon Yehuda Alkalay I Alkalay, in his work of 1834, 'Shema Yisrael' ( 'Listen to the people of Israel') starts from the idea that to deplores the Jew in exile to God by asking for expressions of His Force to be displaced again in ‘the Holy Land' should be replaced by an organized and supported financially for Return in Eretz Israel.  The Return[1]. phenomenon of the Hebrew people in Palestine, coupled with the acquisition of land, is produced in 70 years, increasing the number of Hebrew in Palestine. The price was a degradation of relations between Arab and Hebrew in Palestine. The relationship of cohabitation between them is eroded by expansion of intolerance that is causing of a massive movement of population. On the other hand an expression of disdain that those who have had the power: potentate Hebrew or Arab leaders to people who lead them towards God (either El: YHWH, Jesus, Allah). Because leaders do not know how to govern otherwise have used HATE, INTOLERANCE and confrontations ... why? God only knows!. The result was the battle between Hebrews and Arabs, to survive in Palestine. [1] To see the text at the Adress: http://www.scribd.com/doc/14072428/Moments-of-Zionism-I-Zionism-Apostles

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40 HEBREW ORGANIZATIONS FOR SELF DEFENSE IN YISHUV The phenomenon development of self defense of population in Yishuv (Hebrew population in Palestine) during 1918 - 1948 was, caused both by the conditions existing during the British occupation (1918-1920), the lack of protection from the British authorities during the British Mandate over Palestine (1920 -1948), and that the Hebrew people of Palestine have no experience of extremist attacks, which began in 1920, against the Hebrew settlements in the region. To understand where they should want Hebrew to come, we present some excerpts from 'World Zionist Organization Declaration' made on 03.02.1919, before the session Peace Conference in Paris: "I. Palestine should be placed under such political conditions, administrative and economic establishment that will ensure the 'Hebrew National House' ... being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of the existing us - Hebrew in Palestine or the political rights enjoyed by the status of Hebrew in any other country ."... “II. Will forever be one the most complete freedom of religion for all religious creeds in Palestine. There is no discrimination among people with regard to citizenship and civil rights on grounds of religion or race. " "III. Palestine is not large enough to receive more than one of the Jews in the world. Most of the fourteen million, scattered through all countries must remain in their current locations ... Hebrew National House will be of great value to them ..., this will inspire millions of Hebrew, often before despairing , a new hope ... will have a high standard of living for our citizens Hebrew and non Hebrew in places where they live".

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41 Require setting the border is in the following coordinates: North: Mediterranean Sea south of Sidon, of Lebanon Mountains (KARAON EL) EL BIRE following the line of demarcation between the two basins: Wad El Kook and Wadi Et Teim, thence in a direction from line of demarcation between the eastern slopes of the Hermon and West. East: Hermon, NAHR MUGHANIYE following Hedjaz rail to the South Bay Akaba. South: to be negotiated with the Egyptian Government West: the Mediterranean. The peace negotiations in San Remo (Italy) will be final produce ‘Map of San-Remo 1920' for Palestine, which ensures a clear separation of the two areas (Hebrew and Arabic) with the Jordan River border. This document reminds me of the essay 'Altneuland' (Our held) written by Theodor Hertzl in October 1902. He describes a Hebrew State with an economy based on new technologies, with a European culture with a developed social protection. A free country, with a complete freedom of religion, separate from political power, in which Jews and non Jews have equal rights: 'Hebrew State is not a country of national oppression but a place where the feeling of brotherhood and equality will prevail' ; wrote Hertzl the visionary Zionist forty-five years before this time[1]. Premises were for a resolution of the Jewish [1] See the text to the Adress: http://www.scribd.com/doc/15046227/Hebrew-Fight-for-the-Return-in-Eretz-Israel-Moment-of-Zionism-II

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42 Return to the 'Promised Land', to form a multi racial state in which would be prospered both Jews and Arabs, with the technology and funds infused by the Jewish World. There were, in 1918-1920, negotiations between Chaim Weitzmann, leader of the World Zionist Congress and Emir Feisal, the future king of Saudi Arabia[2]. In 6 February 1919 Emir Feisal, advocated in his speech before the Peace Conference, which requires independence of Arabian State, the agreement and a guarantee for Palestine: enclave of ‘Zionist Hebrew’. His hope was that Weitzmann support total the Arabs in their dispute with France for the Syrian coast, forming a ‘Semitic Alliance’. Negotiations failed in 1920, once the starting 'Arab riots' in Palestine. Final strike given to the opportunity of cohabitation between Arab and Hebrew is done the British Empire. In 1921 77% of Palestine is assigned to a new state: Arab Emirate of Jordan. Thus the UK ensure their control over a territory claimed by King Feisal of Saudi Arabia, giving him to a faithful Emir Hussein, the future King of Jordan. New state is supported, financially and militarily by the British Empire. Basically it was the right of the Jordan River, as the map was assigned (San Remo Map), to Arab population of Palestine. Tacitly Britain imposed a further division of the territory allocated Hebrew community (Yishuv) ... between Hebrews and Arabs - without the opportunity to establish a natural territorial boundary - the Jordan river. [2] See the Text to the Adress: http://www.scribd.com/doc/15313646/San-Remo-Chart-1920-Hope-missed-an-SEMITIC-ALLIANCE-

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43 In 1922 the United Nations granted the British Mandate government over 23% of the territory remained of Palestina. Thus, the so-called "Pax Britanica" was the germ of long fight between Arabs and Hebrews of the territory under British Mandate: on a territory not enough for each of the two peoples; and the transformation of real social expectations in a bloody game 'of the cat and mouse' which is the almost one hundred years. Between 1920 - 1947 the rate of economic growth in Palestine was: Hebrew to 13.2% (due to infusion of labor immigrants and capital) and 6.5% at Arabs. Graduation rate of normal schools and courses was 86% in Hebrew and 22% of Arabs. During this period the Arabs of Palestine were more evolved, their life is among the highest in the area, the second after the Arabs in Lebanon. From a UN statistic that in 1939, Jews in Palestine were ranked 15, the Arabs of Palestine ranked 30 (vs. Egypt - 33 Turkey - 35). It can be concluded that in terms of socio-economically, the two communities have evolved towards social welfare. Coexistence between the vast majority of Arabs and Jews "together" there, despite the Arabs extremism and later Jews extremism. PARAMILITARY UNIT 'BAR GIORA‘ Paramilitary unit 'Bar Giora' - founded in 1907 - was the Hebrew clandestine organization, during the ‘two Alya’ - emigration of 40,000 Hebrews in Ottoman Empire - Palestine - from 1904 to 1914 - the majority coming from Russia and Poland, countries where the social instability and pogroms against the Hebrew communities were 'blooming'. Nearly half of these immigrants leave Palestine during the First World War.  Members of organization, about 100, had aimed to replace the Arab mercenaries. Hebrews pay Arabs to protect their properties. This promote penetration and theft on these

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44 properties (in which work was performed by the Arabs). Initiator has been a group of militants of the organization 'Poale Zion' - Hebrew Social Democratic Workers (Hebrew movement of workers, Marxist orientation , founded in Russia in 1901). Leaders were Itzac Ben-Zvi (the future second president of the Eretz-Israel in 1952) and Israel Schocat. They militate for a change in the optical core at the situation of that time: the result of investment bankers Edmond de Rothschild, in the period 1890 - 1910, was forming a blanket of small Hebrew landowner, owners of relatively large plantations. They use Arab agricultural workers and security guards, much 'cheaper' than the Hebrews immigrants . Consequence: during that period was a more accelerated growth of Arab population immigrated to Ottoman Palestine, than the Hebrew immigration. This migration will have major consequences in the interwar period: the purpose of increasing the number of Arabs workers - a source of 'cannon fodder' for Arab extremism. The phenomenon we meet today in European countries where extremism is recruiting Arab followers among Muslim immigration (coming to work instead of locals 'more expensive'). In the East, is recruiting in Palestinian campuses of Arab refugees in Palestinian territory, Jordan, Iran ... Everywhere where there are Arabs living in poor conditions and hatred accumulated over a period of generations wander.  For Hebrews, the only way to become a nation was, in Ottoman Palestine to work and defend their own land. Organization name was given as a symbol of Jewish independence, to name a leader of uprisings against the Romans since 68 c.e - Simon Bar Giora. They had a banner that quoted from the poem "Habiryonim (Yaakov Cohen): 'In blood and fire Judea fell, in blood and fire Judea will revive’. Members of the organization have experience in field work. Made agriculture and guard Galilee in the area Sejera and Mes'ha (Kfar Tavor). The organization will be integrated - 1909 - the organization 'Hashomer’.

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45 PARAMILITARY UNIT 'HASHOMER'  Paramilitary unit 'HaShomer' ('Man of the Guard' - 'Shomrim') - Founded in 1909 by Israel Shochat, Manya Shochat, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Rachel Yanai, Mendel Portugali (founding members of the organization and 'Bar Giora'). The purpose was to provide security for all communities in Hebrew Palestine (Yishuv), eliminating Arab mercenaries, as many times uncertain. Dress port after Circazian, Bedouin or Druze. Acting on foot or horseback. Weapons were diverse: from the old Turkish musketry, mauser pistols and hunting weapons. In such a panoply was almost impossible to obtain bullets. Were tepid rudimentary small workshops manufacturing ammunition. Code of Conduct (written by Mendel Portugali) was to chase the intruders in the Jewish lands by gunshots fired in the air. Using direct-fire was in the case of self defense. Organization has been successful in Yishuv but aroused hatred Arabs former guards, which now incite people to attack Hebrew residents. Many veterans of the Hebrew settlements feared that the presence in the territory of Shomrim will destabilize the relationship of cohabitation with the Arab population. Ottoman authorities concerned with their suspicion. During the second World War many were exiled or killed in Anatolia. They are considered as potential members of British intelligence in the region - work less confirmed by the

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46 capture of the British 'Nili‘ group, led by Yosef Lishanski, Samuel Belkind, in which were 12 members HaShomer, but not the organization as a whole. After the First World War self defense group decide to unify in a single organization - 'Haganah'. Some of HaShomer members will join Hebrew Legion, others will join the mounted police, established by the British occupation in Palestine. ZE’EV JABOTINSKI Ze'ev Jabotinski (Vladimir Evghenievici Jabotinski ) was born on October 18 1880 in Russia, in a family of Hebrew askenazi of the middle class, in Odessa. Next primary, secondary and high school in the Russian education system. Learn Ivrid in particular. Ydish was the language they spoke in the family. Talent a journalist and it says in high school. After graduation will go in Berne and Italy (where is the Faculty of Law at the University of Rome) as a press correspondent of Russian and Hebrew newspapers. After the pogrom of April 1903 in Chishinau[1] Ze’ev Jabotinski join the Zionist Movement. Soon says its talent how leader, orator and organizer. In the face of pogroms [1] The April 6, a Russian child is found murdered in the town Dubossary. Local Anti Semitic Newspapers incite to revenge against the Jews on the grounds that it would be a ritual murder - the blood to produce matzot of Easter - that was after he was killed by a relative ... Between 7-9 April Hebrew community of Chishinau is devastated: 49 dead, 59 seriously wounded, 500 wounded, 700 houses destroyed. Is no Czarist authorities, intervention during the pogrom. Manifest disdain towards the Jews is doubled along the order they are used as valve for discontents of majority population against the inefficient administration of the empire, hunger and generalized social misery of the Russian Empire.

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47 and abuse often at Hebrew population in the area, will start in Odessa and establish the first self-organization of Hebrew communities across Russia. As happened with some Zionist leaders[1] he reached in conflict with the Hebrew local conservative leaders who postponed the process of concrete realization of the self defense teams. There were reasons both local pride and a fear of further retaliation by the Russian population. The consequence was that the pogroms of the period 1904 - 1917 found Russian Hebrew communities unprepared for self defense ... As is picturesque, he change the first name of 'Vladimir' in ‘Ze'ev’ ( 'Wolf'). Also in the year 1903 became a member of the Zionist delegation from Russia to the six Zionist Congress in Basel. After the death of Theodor Herzl (1904), will be the leader of the right circle in Congress. In 1906, in Helsinki, launches sentence autonomy local ethnic minorities, as an economic viability of maintaining social, cultural communities in Russia. Congress slogan: "Work now" refers to the whole community of life, modernization of the religious and secular Hebrew schools, the protection of people in communities. But Ze'ev Jabotinski extend this concept and the future coexistence between Arabs and Hebrew, in Palestine: "Every ethnic community will be recognized as autonomous and equal before the law." That has not been done is not his fault. In the years '30, he will become head of one of the most virulent extremist Hebrew units in Palestine: Irgun Zeva'i Le'umi (National Military Organization - Etzel, IZL - 1935). During the first World War, with Joseph Trumpeldor, will contribute to establishing a first auxiliary Hebrew battalion in British Army (1915), to be distinguished in the battles at Gallipoli. He will then initiate the formation of the three [1]See the case of Theodor Herzl in the text at the Adress: http://www.scribd.com/doc/14589893/Moment-of-Zionism-II-Hebrew-Fight-for-the-Return-in-Eretz-Israel

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48 battalions of the Hebrew Legion. Jabotinsk is distinguished in the battles of the Jordan Valley (1918) and is decorated for bravery with "Order of British Empire” members. After the war is chosen in the first Elected Legislative Assembly of Yishuv (Hebrew communities in Palestine) and the Executive Committee of the World Zionist Organization. He participate in the defense of Jews during the Arab extremist actions in April 1920 - the first 'Arab Riot' in fact an order of Emir Feisal - the future king of Saudi Arabia - as discontent over the fall of ‘Semitic Alliance’ parley with Weitzmann[1].  Irgun organization founded - 1935 - militate for a virtually free immigration (legal or not) of Jews in Eretz Israel, the opposite way of the action promoted by Chaim Weitzmann (legal immigration). Irgun units will fight against both Arabs and members of the British army for the period 1940 to 1948. [1] See the Text to the Adress: http://www.scribd.com/doc/15313646/San-Remo-Chart-1920-Hope-missed-an-SEMITIC-ALLIANCE-

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Mesaroş-Anghel Vasile Contact : Post Restant Oficiul Poştal Nr. 38 Str. Teiul Doamnei nr. 19 Cod Postal 023573 Sector 2 Bucureşti Romania E-mail: vmesarosanghel@yahoo.com Mobil: 0731507381, 0720347745  http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/vmesarosanghel-445612-adrese-videostatistica-postari-on-scribd-channel/ Mesaroş –Anghel Vasile To my Mother: Thaci Raisa Ghershovici To find other works:  Select Google Type: mesaros anghel Select Work Or select Link