FINAL Storage n networking devices

Slide 1: 

STORAGE AND NETWORKING DEVICES Presented to: Presented By: Prof. Bhavna Sharma Rohit Chourasiya Ranjeet Thakur Gagandeep Singh Shashi Bhushan Nikhil Verma Vijay Tomer MBA (MM) 1 ST SEM

Slide 2: 

6A- 2 Storage Devices

Storage Devices: 

Storage Devices Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer data storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the fundamental components of all modern computers, and coupled with a central processing unit (CPU, a processor), implements the basic computer model used since the 1940s. 6A- 3

PURPOSE OF STORAGE: 

PURPOSE OF STORAGE Many different forms of storage, based on various natural phenomena, have been invented. So far, no practical universal storage medium exists, and all forms of storage have some drawbacks. Therefore a computer system usually contains several kinds of storage, each with an individual purpose. 6A- 4

TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES Primary Storage Devices Secondary Storage Devices Tertiary Storage Devices Off-line Storage Devices 6A- 5

TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES 6A- 6

Primary Storage Devices: 

Primary Storage Devices Primary storage refers to the computer's memory, which connects directly to the computer's CPU. Primary storage is a volatile form of storage. Volatile storage means that you totally lose data when you switch the system off. A primary storage device is a component in your computer that stores information for a short period of time, as soon as the power is turned off, all of the information in it is lost. . 6A- 7

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES: 

Memory types RAM ROM SRAM DRAM PROM EPROM Volatile Non-volatile Semiconductor TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES 6A- 8

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES RAM PROCESSOR CACHE PROCESSOR REGISTORS 6A- 9

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES RAM RAM, or random access memory, stores information that is being processed and offloads it at a very fast rate to the motherboard of the computer so it can be sent to the Northbridge, and then for use to the GUI (graphic user interface), which allows the user to access the information with the mouse, keyboard, monitor, etc. 6A- 10

TYPES OF RAM: 

TYPES OF RAM DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SRAM (Static RAM) MRAM (Magnetic RAM) 6A- 11

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES Processor Cache The processor, also known as the CPU (central processing unit), processes information on your computer. In order to do this, it needs somewhere to store the memory, which in this case is the "cache memory." The cache memory transfers data at lightning fast speeds so it can be processed by the cores in the processor. The cache memory holds a lot less space than RAM, however. For example, a processor will usually have around 12 MB of cache memory, whereas RAM may have up to 4 GB per stick. However, the cache memory makes up for that in sheer speed. For instance, RAM will have a speed of 800 MHz, while the cache memory can operate at 2.4 GHz. 6A- 12

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES Processor Registers The processor registers are the smallest of all primary storage devices. Typically, they hold around 32 to 64 bits, which is good enough for very simple processes such as math calculations. However, the processor registers are the fastest primary storage devices as well. They are primarily used by the processor to handle calculations used to operate the programs. The larger processes involving software and operating system files are handled by the cache memory. 6A- 13

SECONDRY STORAGE DEVICES: 

SECONDRY STORAGE DEVICES Secondary storage also known as external memory or auxiliary storage. Differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. Modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data is kept for a longer time there. In modern computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage. 6A- 14

TYPES OF SECONDRY STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF SECONDRY STORAGE DEVICES HARD DISK MAGNETIC TAPE FLOPPY DRIVE 6A- 15 Hard Disk Tape Floppy Disk

DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL: 

DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL Media is covered with iron oxide Read/write head is a magnet Magnet writes charges on the media Positive charge is a 1 Negative charge is a 0 Magnet reads charges Drive converts charges into binary 6A- 16

DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL: 

DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL 6A- 17

HARD DISK: 

HARD DISK 2 or more aluminum platters Each platter has 2 sides Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM Data found in 9.5 ms or less Drive capacity greater than 40 GB 6A- 18

Tracks and Sectors: 

Tracks and Sectors 6A- 19

MAGNETIC TAPE: 

MAGNETIC TAPE Best used for Infrequently accessed data Back-up solutions Slow sequential access Capacity exceeds 200 GB 6A- 20

FLOPPY DRIVE: 

FLOPPY DRIVE Also known as Diskettes Read with a disk drive Mylar disk Spin at 300 RPM Takes .2 second to find data 3 ½ floppy disk holds 1.44 MB 6A- 21

Illustrated Hard Disk: 

Illustrated Hard Disk 6A- 22

TERTIARY STORAGE DEVICES: 

TERTIARY STORAGE DEVICES This type of computer storage device is not as popular as the other two storage device types. Its main use is for storing data at a very large-scale. This includes optical jukeboxes and tape libraries. Tertiary storage devices require a database to organize the data that are stored in them, and the computer needs to go through the database to access those data. 6A- 23

Cont.: 

Cont. Tertiary storage or tertiary memory, provides a third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use. It is primarily used for archival of rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondary storage (e.g. 5–60 seconds vs. 1-10 milliseconds). When a computer needs to read information from the tertiary storage, it will first consult a catalog database to determine which tape or disc contains the information. 6A- 24

OFFLINE STORAGE DEVICES: 

OFFLINE STORAGE DEVICES Off-line storage is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit . The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or tertiary storage device, and then physically removed or disconnected. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again. Unlike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction. off-line storage is less expensive than tertiary storage. Off-line storage is used to transfer information, since the detached medium can be easily physically transported. Additionally, in case a disaster, for example a fire, destroys the original data, a medium in a remote location will probably be unaffected, enabling disaster recovery. 6A- 25

Cont.: 

Cont. In modern personal computers, most secondary and tertiary storage media are also used for off-line storage. Optical discs and flash memory devices are most popular, and to much lesser extent removable hard disk drives. Aside from these three types of computer storage devices, there is also another type - offline or disconnected storage. It is not directly connected to the computer and is used as a transfer medium only. 6A- 26

TYPES OF OFFLINE STORAGE DEVICES: 

TYPES OF OFFLINE STORAGE DEVICES Removable high capacity disks CD- ROM DVD-ROM Photo CD CD Recordable (CD-R) CD Regrettable (CD-RW) DVD-RAM Flash memory (Pen Drive and Memory cards) Smart cards Solid-state disks 6A- 27

Removable high capacity disks : 

Removable high capacity disks Speed of hard disk Portability of floppy disk Several variants have emerged High capacity floppy disk Stores up to 750 MB of data Hot swappable hard disks Provide GB of data Connect via USB 6A- 28

CD-ROM: 

CD-ROM Most software ships on a CD Read using a laser Lands, binary 1, reflect data Pits scatter data Written from the inside out CD speed is based on the original Original CD read 150 Kbps A 10 X will read 1,500 Kbps Standard CD holds 650 MB 6A- 29

DVD-ROM: 

DVD-ROM Digital Video Disk Use both sides of the disk Capacities can reach 18 GB DVD players can read CDs 6A- 30

CD Recordable (CD-R): 

CD Recordable (CD-R) Create a data or audio CD Data cannot be changed Can continue adding until full 6A- 31

CD Rewritable (CD-RW): 

CD Rewritable (CD-RW) Create a reusable CD Cannot be read in all CD players Can reuse about 100 times 6A- 32

Photo CD: 

Photo CD Developed by Kodak Provides for photo storage Photos added to CD until full Original pictures cannot be changed 6A- 33

Flash memory: 

Flash memory Found in cameras and USB drives Combination of RAM and ROM Long term updateable storage 6A- 34

Smart cards: 

Smart cards Credit cards with a chip Chip stores data Eventually may be used for cash Hotels use for electronic keys 6A- 35

NETWORKING DEVICES: 

NETWORKING DEVICES 6A- 36

NETWORKING DEVICES: 

NETWORKING DEVICES Computer networking devices are units that mediate data in a computer network. Computer networking devices are also called network equipment, Intermediate Systems (IS) or Inter Working Unit (IWU). Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment. 6A- 37

LIST OF COMPUTER NETWORKING DEVICES: 

LIST OF COMPUTER NETWORKING DEVICES Router Bridge Switch Hub Repeater Modems LAN Cards Multiplexer 6A- 38

ROUTER: 

ROUTER A router is an electronic device that intercepts signals on a computer network. The router determines where the signals have to go. Each signal it receives is called a data packet. The packet contains address information that the router uses to divert signals appropriately. 6A- 39 Digital Subscriber Line Router

BRIDGE: 

BRIDGE A device that connects multiple network segments along the data link layer. It reduces the traffic on other network segments, since it does not send all packets. 6A- 40

SWITCH: 

SWITCH A device that allocates traffic from one network segment to certain lines (intended destination(s)) which connect the segment to another network segment. So unlike a hub a switch splits the network traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all systems on the network. It sends the data packets only to the destined computer. Switches are used in the LAN, MAN and WAN.  In an Ethernet network, computers are directly connected with the switch via twisted pair cables. 6A- 41

HUB: 

HUB An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub or hub is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fibre optic Ethernet devices together and making them act as a single network segment. The central connecting device in a computer network is known as a hub. There are two types of a hub i.e. active hub and passive hub. Every computer is directly connected with the hub.  When data packets arrives at hub, it broadcast them to all the LAN cards in a network and the destined recipient picks them and all other computers discard the data packets. 6A- 42

REPEATER: 

REPEATER A repeater connects two segments of your network cable. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances. 6A- 43

MODEMS: 

MODEMS A modem is a communication device that is used to provide the connectivity with the internet.  Modem works in two ways i.e. modulation and demodulation. It coverts the digital data into the analog and analog to digital. 6A- 44

LAN CARDS: 

LAN CARDS LAN cards or network adapters are the building blocks of a computer network. No computer can communicate without a properly installed and configured LAN card. Every LAN card is provided with a unique IP address, subnet mask, gateway and DNS (if applicable). LAN cards are inserted into the expansion slots inside the computer. 6A- 45

MULTIPLEXER: 

MULTIPLEXER Multiplexer is a device that is used to combining the several electrical signals into one signal. 6A- 46