INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY :INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY Eastern Warriors


Topics discussed would include: :Topics discussed would include: Information Systems Internet and E-Business IT Trends


What is Information Technology? :What is Information Technology? Information Technology is the hardware, software and telecommunications used interchangeably. These technologies provide the means to transmit, store and retrieve data, voice and video to anyplace in the world in real time.


What is Information Systems? :What is Information Systems? Information Systems is the collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that are designed to generate information that supports the day-to-day, operations.


Information Systems are generally classified into the following categories: :Information Systems are generally classified into the following categories: Office Information Systems (OIS) Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Management Information Systems (MIS) Decision Support Systems (DSS) Executive Information Systems (ESS) Expert Systems (ES)


Office Information Systems (OIS) :Office Information Systems (OIS) OIS is an information system that uses computer based systems to enhance and support work flow and facilitate day-to-day operations among employees. Example: The registration process of a school.


Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) :Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) TPS is an information system that capture and process data generated during the day-to-day transactions of an organization. Example: Deposits, payments, orders or reservations.


Decision Support Systems (DSS) :Decision Support Systems (DSS) DSS is an information system designed to help the user reach a decision when a decision making situation arises. DSS uses data from internal / external sources. Internal sources -sales, manufacturing, inventory, or financial for an organizations database. External sources - interest rates, population trends, cost of new housing construction / raw material pricing.


Management Information Systems (MIS) :Management Information Systems (MIS) MIS is an information system that generates accurate, timely and organized information so that managers can make decisions, solve problems, supervise activities and track progress. However, employees are wired into the systems and technology is pushed downwards and becomes widely accessible.


Executive Information Systems (EIS) :Executive Information Systems (EIS) EIS is designed to support the information needs of executive managers. Information in an EIS are presented in charts and tables that show trends, ratios and other managerial statistics and is stored in data warehouses.


Expert Systems (ES) :Expert Systems (ES) ES is an information system that captures and stores the knowledge of human experts and then imitates human reasoning and decision making processes for those who have less expertise. Example: Artificial Intelligence (AI) the application of human intelligence to computers. (Speech recognition and creative responses)


The Internet and E-Business :The Internet and E-Business Internet is the global collection of computer networks linked together for the exchange of data and information. E-business (electronic business), is the conduct of business on the Internet, not only buying and selling, also servicing for customers and collaborating with business partners.


Internet Usage :Internet Usage The Internet is playing an increasingly large part of the world’s daily functions. Internet users has grown significantly, among the world’s current population of 6.45 billion people. It is estimated that the daily internet users are 0.6 billion, typically this shows that on an average 9.4% of the globe use the internet on a daily basis.


The Internet :The Internet The Internet was originally developed for use by the U.S. Military but has been transformed into a worldwide link, where individuals can trade, educate and entertain themselves. The next slide, shows the percentage of internet users per region.


Top Worldwide Internet Users :Top Worldwide Internet Users


E-Business :E-Business The Internet provided a link to the customer and company by means of E-Business. E-Business provides customers with worldwide and continuous access to the global markets.


Common Benefits of E-Business :Common Benefits of E-Business Speedy Communications Reduced business cost (travel, marketing, location) 24 Hour access


Major advantages of E-Business to an organization :Major advantages of E-Business to an organization Reach new markets Receive electronic orders Provide after-sales service Order and pay for business supplies Monitor competitors activities Undertake market research Network with allied businesses


Components of E-Business :Components of E-Business To effectively and efficiently manage an E-Business, organizations introduced the following systems: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Knowledge Management (KM)


Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) :Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning is a major factor in E-Business. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems provide strategic planning capabilities, even to the smallest of organizations. It is a comprehensive tool for integrating accounting, strategic planning, sales order management, quality control, manufacturing, logistics and warehousing.


Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) :Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Enterprise resource planning as a term, derives from material resource planning. ERP are management information systems that integrate and automate many of the business practices associated with the operations or production aspects of a company.


Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) :Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) These typically include manufacturing, logistics, distribution, inventory, shipping, invoicing and accounting. ERP software can aid in the control of many business activities, like sales, deliveries, billing, production, inventory management, and Human Resource Management.


Advantages of ERP :Advantages of ERP The benefits from enterprise resource planning are claimed to include: lower inventory carrying costs lower ordering costs lower production costs


Disadvantages of ERP :Disadvantages of ERP The limitations and pitfalls of the enterprise resource planning are claimed to be: Systems can be very expensive to install and maintain Difficult to use A problem in one department or at one of the partners will affect all the other participants


Slide 25:They are often called back office systems indicating that customers and the general public are not directly involved. This is contrasted with front office systems like Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems that deal directly with the customer.


Customer Relationship Management (CRM) :Customer Relationship Management (CRM) CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It is a strategy used to learn more about customers' needs and behaviours in order to develop stronger relationships with them. The more useful way to think about CRM is as a process that will help bring together lots of pieces of information about customers, sales, marketing effectiveness, responsiveness and market trends.


The goal of CRM :The goal of CRM Provide better customer service Make call centers more efficient Cross sell products more effectively Help sales staff close deals faster Simplify marketing and sales processes Discover new customers Increase customer revenues


Types of data CRM collects :Types of data CRM collects Responses to campaigns Shipping and fulfillment dates Sales and purchase data Account information Web registration data Service and support records Demographic data Web sales data


CRM update :CRM update Currently Microsoft is the leading dealer of CRM software and technologies and have been integrated with Microsoft Outlook and certain phones systems. As a result of the integration, users can benefit from on screen pop-up when a customer calls, update calendar appointments and provide visual aid of the customer’s information.


Knowledge Management (KM) :Knowledge Management (KM) Knowledge management (KM), is the process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual and knowledge-based assets. Most often, generating value from such assets involves codifying what employees, partners and customers know, and sharing that information among employees, departments and even with other companies in an effort to devise best practices.


Knowledge Management (KM) :Knowledge Management (KM) It's important to note that the definition says nothing about technology; while KM is often facilitated by IT, technology by itself is not KM.


Knowledge Management (KM) :Knowledge Management (KM) Not all information is valuable. Therefore, it's up to individual companies to determine what information qualifies as intellectual and knowledge-based assets. In general, however, intellectual and knowledge-based assets fall into one of two categories: explicit or tacit.


Explicit Or Tacit - KM :Explicit Or Tacit - KM Generally, explicit knowledge consists of anything that can be documented, archived and codified, often with the help of IT. The concept of tacit knowledge, or the know-how contained in people's heads.


Benefits from KM? :Benefits from KM? Foster innovation by encouraging the free flow of ideas Improve customer service by streamlining response time Boost revenues by getting products and services to market faster Enhance employee retention rates by recognizing the value of employees' knowledge and rewarding them for it Streamline operations and reduce costs by eliminating redundant or unnecessary processes


KM Issues :KM Issues Getting Employees on Board - companies ignore the people and cultural issues KM Requires Ongoing Maintenance - at any given time changes occur, as do the skills of employees Dealing with a Data Deluge - information overload


Management Implications of IT :Management Implications of IT As the technological environment grows, managers are now provided with greater returns. These include, a better connection with employees, the environment, and each other.


Implications of IT :Implications of IT Increased Efficiency Empowered Employees Information Overload Enhanced Collaboration


Increased Productivity :Increased Productivity New information technology offers significant promise for speeding up the work process, cutting costs and increasing efficiency.


Increased Productivity :Increased Productivity An example of this is at IBM they helped reduce the number of call centre employees and saved $750 million in one year alone! Companies just like IBM are slashing costs and wiring deeper discounts from suppliers. Sweeping away administrative paperwork and automating mundane tasks is yet another advantage of new technology.


Empowered Employees :Empowered Employees Lower-level employees are increasingly challenged with more information and are expected to make decisions previously made by supervisors. Nurses, janitors, truck drivers, utility repair workers, and warehouse staffers all need easy access to information that would better enable them to complete their tasks to the best of their abilities.


Empowered Employees :Empowered Employees These changes support the objectives of knowledge management by enabling decisions to be made by the employees that are in the best position to do so and in the end see the results of their work. An example is that of the U.S. Army, they began to use new information technology that relays information about battle fields conditions, the latest intelligence on the enemy down to the troops. Armed with better data and trained to see patterns in the barrage of information, lieutenants in the field will be able to decipher better how to launch their attacks.


Information Overload :Information Overload One problem associated with the advances of technology, the company can become a quagmire of information, which means that it can find itself in an extremely dangerous situation and will find great difficulty in finding their way out of that situation. Employees can become vastly overwhelmed with information and are likely not able to sort the valuable from the useless.


Information Overload :Information Overload More than ever, the ability to produce data and information is outstripping employees' ability to process it. One British psychologist claims that this may cause a mental disorder in employees known as Fatigue Syndrome. Thankfully, managers have been able to alleviate the problem by ensuring that suppliers of information technology and CIO work hand in hand with employees to identify the kinds of data and information they really need .


Information Overload :Information Overload Secondly, top executives set limits by focusing on the organisation key strategies and on the critical questions that must be answered.


Enhanced Collaboration :Enhanced Collaboration Information technology undoubtedly has brought about collaboration within the work environment, customers, suppliers and partners. In businesses, one of the most effective uses of information technology for collaboration has been in the area of product development such as division of labour.


IT Trends :IT Trends As the world evolved and is faced with new challenges and the endless data, man saw the need to transform his environment to meet his ever demanding workforce. Many inventions were created to assist man in this fast paced world. Some of which would be discussed here.


Some of the modern trends are as follows: :Some of the modern trends are as follows: Wireless Internet VoIP – Voice Over Internet Protocol Blogs and Wikis


Wireless Internet :Wireless Internet You can connect computers anywhere in your home or office without the need for wires. The computers connect to the network using radio signals or infrared signals, and computers can be several feet apart.


Voice over IP (VoIP) :Voice over IP (VoIP) Voice is translated into digital data packets that are then sent over the Internet based Local Area Network (LAN) or trunk lines to another networked system. The network system, then routes your call to an appropriate destination determined by the phone number you have dialled. At the destination the packets are then reassembled and converted into voice again.


Voice over IP (VoIP) :Voice over IP (VoIP) VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) allows you to make and receive phone calls through your high-speed Internet connection using a standard phone or a headset with a USB adapter.


How VoIP works? :How VoIP works? Voice is translated into digital data packets that are then sent over the Internet based Local Area Network (LAN) or trunk lines to another networked system. The network system, then routes your call to an appropriate destination determined by the phone number you have dialled. At the destination the packets are then reassembled and converted into voice again.


Common Service Providers of VoIP :Common Service Providers of VoIP Vonage Verizon VoicePulse DialPad Skype (Free) Yahoo Messenger with Voice (Free) Just to name a few


Benefits of VoIP :Benefits of VoIP Much cheaper long distance/international call rates  Portability: wherever you have a net connection, your phone number can follow Frees up your standard phone line. Increase value-added technology opportunities, including IP multicast conferencing, telephony distance learning applications, voice web browsing, speech recognition, and more. Lower operation costs — a VoIP exchange is based on software for your existing computer rather than hardware, making it easier to alter and maintain.


VoIP Solutions :VoIP Solutions A Softphone is a screen-based interface that works just like your telephone keypad. It appears right on you computer screen and lets you make and receive calls, pick up your voicemails, call transfer, and more using your mouse or keyboard.


Weblog :Weblog According to Andy Warhol’s prediction that, in the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes. Weblogs also known as Blogs, has enabled an individual to publish a daily commentary or idea electronically. Some view blogs as an electronic version of word-of-mouth


Weblogs (or Blogs) :Weblogs (or Blogs) Blogs enabled communication at all levels, where in times past an individual could not air their opinions on a Website unless it was spam. In more recent times, management has embraced to the ideas of blogs as it provides marketing information and is opening lines of communication to the corporate world.


Blogs and Wiki’s :Blogs and Wiki’s Unlike blogs, wiki allows the user’s not just a forum to air their views but visitors also can edit the website or add content. Wiki basically is a web-enabled, integrated system based on the principle that any user can obtain full read/write access to all or most pages in the Wiki.


Wiki :Wiki For example, to create a hyperlink to another page within a Wiki, the user need only type the page name as a compound without spaces (eg. WelcomeToWiki). This system is widely gaining users within large and complex organization, but some are available to the public.


The End :The End