Sociology: Sociology
Sociology:: Sociology: Definition: “ Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interactions.”
Sociology and business:: Sociology and business: Sociology study human groups and human groups are the base of human resource in business. We can develop best techniques about administration if we apply sociology.
Sociology and Science:: Sociology and Science: Science is “...a body of systematically arranged knowledge that shows the operation of general laws.” As a science, sociology employs the scientific method
PowerPoint Presentation: The Scientific Method The approach used by sociologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about society and other phenomena of interest
Sociology and Science:: The Scientific Method Sociology and Science : Formulate hypotheses Choose research design Analyze data Analyze Data Find a question
Hypothesis:: Hypothesis: A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variable.
Variable:: Variable : Behaviors ,events ,or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.
Operational definition:: Operational definition: Operational definition: defines the variables in term of how it is to be measured, manipulated, or changed.
Observation: Observation Observation: Observation of naturally occurring behavior without intervention
Observation: Observation Non participant observation: to observe people without them knowing
Observation: Observation Participant Observation: involves the researcher being open with the group they are going to study.
PowerPoint Presentation: 2. Survey research A sample of people are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, and attitudes in order to represent a larger population.
Sampling:: When conducting research sociologists (or any social scientist) often use representative samples of the population they are studying. Sampling:
Tools of survey:: Tools of survey: Questionnaire : A form containing a list of questions; a means of gathering information for a survey. Open ended question Close ended question
Questionnaire :: Questionnaire : Open ended questionnaire : Unstructured question in which possible answers are not suggested, and the respondent answers it in his or her own words. Close ended questionnaire : That provides a set of answers from which the respondent must choose.
Tools of survey:: Interview: is a conversation with a purpose. Structured interview Unstructured interview Tools of survey :
Interview:: Interview: Structured interview: Fixed format interview in which all questions are prepared beforehand and are put in the same order to each interviewee. Unstructured interview : Interview without any set format but in which the interviewer may have some key questions formulated in advance
PowerPoint Presentation: Experimental method : 3. Experiment: The relationship between 2 (or more) variables is investigated by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation
Experimental method: : Experimental method : Example: Higher level of education increases the likelihood of increasing higher income. Independent variable Dependent variable Education income
PowerPoint Presentation: Experimental group Any group receiving a treatment Control group A group that receives no treatment
INDEPENDENT & DEPENDENT VARIABLES: INDEPENDENT & DEPENDENT VARIABLES In an experiment you are measuring & manipulating 2 variables INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT What is manipulated What is measured
PowerPoint Presentation: Independent variable (CAUSE, 1 st ) The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter Dependent variable (EFFECT, 2 nd ) The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable
Variable:: Variable: Independent variable Level of education degree Time spend preparing for quiz Parents income Dependent variable Level of income Performance on quiz Likelihood of children’s enrolling in college