The Processing Operations

The Processing Operations:

The Processing Operations Technically speaking, processing implies editing, coding, classification and tabulation of collected data so that they are amenable to analysis. By Umesh K umar

1. EDITING:

1. EDITING Editing of data is a process of examining the collect of raw data (specially in surveys) to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when possible. As a matter of fact, editing involves a careful scrutiny of the completed questionnaires and/or schedules. Editing is done to assure that data are accurate, consistent with other fact gathered, uniformly entered, as completed as possible and have been well arranged to facilitate coding and tabulation.

2.CODING:

2.CODING Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals or other symbols to answers so that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or classes. Such classes should be appropriate to the research problem under consideration. They must also possess the characteristics of exhaustiveness (there must be a class for every data item).

3.CLASSIFICATION:

3.CLASSIFICATION Most research studies result in a large volume of raw data which must be reduced into homogeneous groups if we are to get meaningful relationships. This fact necessitates classification of data which happens to be the process of arranging data in groups or classes on the basis of common characteristics.

a.)Classification according to attributes.:

a.)Classification according to attributes. It can either be descriptive (such as literacy, sex, honesty etc) or In numerical ( weight, height, income etc) Descriptive characteristics refer to qualitative phenomenon which can not be measured quantitatively.

b.)Classification according to class-intervals:

b.)Classification according to class-intervals Unlike descriptive characteristics, the numerical characteristics refer to quantitative phenomenon which can be measured through some statistical units. Data relating to income, production, age, weight, etc .

TABULATION :

TABULATION When a mass of data has been assembled, it becomes necessary for the researcher to arrange the same in some kind of concise and logical order. This procedure is referred to as tabulation. Tabulation is essential because of the following reasons. 1. It conserves space and reduces explanatory and descriptive statement to a minimum.

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2. It facilitates the process of comparison. 3. It facilitates the summation of items and the detection of errors and omissions. 4. It provides a basis for various statistical computations.

Generally accepted principles of tabulation:

Generally accepted principles of tabulation 1. Every table should have a clear. 2. Every table should be given a distinct number to facilitate easy reference. 3. The column heading (captions)and the row heading (stubs)of the table should be clear and brief. 4. The unit of measurement under each heading or sub-heading must always be indicated.

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5. The arrangement of the categories in a table may be chronological, geographical, alphabetical or according to magnitude to facilitate comparison. Above all the table must suit the needs and requirements of an investigation.

THANK YOU:

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