logging in or signing up leadership uplakshgupta Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1687 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: August 30, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 3 Presentation Description all about leadership Comments Posting comment... By: xsrazi (12 month(s) ago) well done Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: krazy_pal1 (20 month(s) ago) good one...! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Leadership theories Slide 2: Leadership theories Topics Covered : What is Leadership? A Small Story Trait Theory Relationship Between Trait and Behavior Personality Measures of Personality Difference Between Leaders and Managers Behavioral Theories Ohio States Study University Of Michigan Studies The Managerial Grid Topics Covered Topics Covered (Cont.) : Contingency Theories Fiedler Model Cognitive Resource Theory Hershey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory Leader-Member Exchange Theory Path-Goal Theory Leader-Participation Model Conclusion Bibliography Topics Covered (Cont.) Leadership : What is leadership ? Leadership :- Leadership is the ability to influence an individual or a group of individual towards the achievement of a predefined goals. Leadership A Leadership Story: : A group of workers and their leaders are set a task of clearing a road through a dense jungle on a remote island to get to the coast where an estuary provides a perfect site for a port. The leaders organise the labour into efficient units and monitor the distribution and use of capital assets – progress is excellent. The leaders continue to monitor and evaluate progress, making adjustments along the way to ensure the progress is maintained and efficiency increased wherever possible. Then, one day amidst all the hustle and bustle and activity, one person climbs up a nearby tree. The person surveys the scene from the top of the tree. A Leadership Story: A Leadership Story: : And shouts down to the assembled group below… “Wrong Way!” (Story adapted from Stephen Covey (2004) “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” Simon & Schuster). “Management is doing things right, leadership is doing the right things” (Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker) said by them A Leadership Story: Difference Between Leader and Manager : Difference Between Leader and Manager Difference Between Leader and Manager (Cont…) : Difference Between Leader and Manager (Cont…) Slide 10: ‘Not all leaders are manager and, for that matter, not all managers are leaders.’ Trait Theory : What is trait theory ? Traits Theory :- Differentiate leader from non leader by focusing on there personal qualities and characteristics. personal qualities like charismatic , courageous etc. Trait Theory Personality : What is Personality ? Personality is the complex of all the attributes-- behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual. Personality The Big Five (measures of personality) : Extroversion :- this dimension captures ones comfort level with relationship . These people tend to be gregarious, assertive and social. Agreeableness :- this dimension refers to an individual propensity to defer to other .Highly agreeable persons are cooperative ,warm and trusting. The Big Five (measures of personality) Slide 14: Conscientiousness :- This dimension is a measure of reliability a highly conscientious person is responsible , organized and dependable Emotional stability :- This dimension taps the ability of person to handle stress. Openness to experience: - This dimension address one’s range of interest and fascination with novelty . Assumptions: To trait theory : People are born with inherited traits. Certain physical, social and personal traits are inherent in leaders. You should look for people with the “right” traits when looking to fill leadership roles. Assumptions: To trait theory Types : Physical Traits: Being young to middle-aged Energetic Tall Handsome Social Background Traits: Educated at the “right” school Socially prominent Upwardly mobile Types Types(cont..) : Social Traits: Charismatic Charming Tactful Popular Cooperative Diplomatic Personality Traits: Self-Confidence Adaptable Assertive Emotionally-stable Types(cont..) Relationship between traits & leadership : It is found that people with some special characteristics & quality generally establishes them self as leaders . leaders like Mahatma Gandhi who was often recognized as charismatic ,enthusiastic and courageous person . Relationship between traits & leadership Relationship between traits & leadership (cont..) : Traits that are consistent determinants of leadership success: 1.Emotional stability and composure: Remaining calm, confident and predictable, particularly when under stress. 2.Willingness to admit to errors: Owning up to mistakes, rather than putting energy into covering up. 3.Interpersonal skills: Ability to communicate and persuade others without resorting to negative or coercive tactics. 4.Intellectual breadth: Ability to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow (and narrow minded) area of expertise. Relationship between traits & leadership (cont..) Drawbacks of trait theory : Initially examined leadership in only one context. Assumed the traits observed were inherent, not learned . Have yet to identify a set of traits that will consistently separate leaders from followers. Drawbacks of trait theory BEHAVIORALTHEORIES : BEHAVIORALTHEORIES Slide 22: Failure of trait theory led researchers to go in different directions These were theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non-leaders Researchers wondered if there was something unique in the way that effective leaders behave. If yes, then we can implant these behavioral patters to individual and make them effective leaders. BASIC ASSUMPTION : Trait theory Based on selection Leaders are born rather than made Behavioral theory We could train people to be leaders To implant behavior patters in individuals to make effective leaders BASIC ASSUMPTION Slide 24: Behavioral theories include a number of studies that looked at the behavioral styles or skills exhibited by the leaders or they have in them . 1.The Ohio state leadership studies 2. The university of Michigan studies 3. The managerial grid OHIO STATE STUDIES : Research began at Ohio state university in late 1940’s To identify independent dimensions of leader behavior. Resulted in two dimensions: Initiating structure consideration OHIO STATE STUDIES Slide 26: INITIATING STRUCTURE - the extend to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinate in the search for goal attainment CONSIDERATION - the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust ,respect for subordinates’ ideas , and regards for their feelings. CONCLUSION OF OHIO STUDIES : High on one dimension does not mean low on another Followers of leaders high in consideration were more satisfied , motivated and had respect for their leaders Leaders high in initiating structure increased organizations productivity and performance. CONCLUSION OF OHIO STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN STUDIES : Objective= to locate behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared to be related to measure of performance effectiveness Came up with two-dimension of leadership behavior Employee-oriented Production-oriented UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN STUDIES Slide 29: Employee-oriented --- emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a personal interests in the needs of employees; and accepting individual differences among members Production-oriented --- one who emphasizes technical or task aspect of the job Closely related to Ohio state dimensions Employee oriented = consideration Production oriented = initiating structure CONCLUSION OF MICHIGAN RESEARCHERS : Favored the leaders who were employee-oriented in behavior . Recommended only one dimension important for a manger to be successful i.e. employee-oriented leadership (or consideration) CONCLUSION OF MICHIGAN RESEARCHERS THE MANAGERIAL GRID : A graphic portrayal of two-dimensional view of leadership styles Developed by Blake and Mouton Based on the styles of “concern for people” and “concern for production” It doesn’t tell us why a manager falls into one part or another grid Helps in understanding both the Ohio studies and the Michigan university studies THE MANAGERIAL GRID THE MANAGERIAL GRID : THE MANAGERIAL GRID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Concern for production-> <- Concern for people -> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Slide 33: It’s a 9 by 9 matrix outlining the 81 different leadership styles. (1,1) – impoverished manager (1,9) – manger who seeks “cheap popularity” (5,5) – middle of the road manager (9,1) – task master (9,9) – team manager , ideal manager 99.5% researchers say that 9.9 style is the soundest way to manage Contingency Theory : Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. According to this theory, no one leadership style is best in all situations. Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers, and aspects of the situation. Contingency Theory Contingency Theories : Fiedler Contingency Model Cognitive Resource Theory Hershey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory Leader-Member Exchange Theory Path-Goal Theory Leader-Participation Model Contingency Theories Fiedler Model : The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. Fiedler Model Fiedler Model : Identifying Leadership Styles Defining The Situation Leader-Member Relations Task Structure Position Power Matching Leaders and Situations Evaluation Fiedler Model Slide 38: Identifying Leadership Style Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) It Purports to measure if a person is task oriented or relationship oriented. The LPC Questionnaire consists of 16 sets of adjectives (such as pleasant and unpleasant, efficient and inefficient, supportive and hostile etc.) Rating the Least Preferred Co-Worker on scale of 1 to 8 for each set(16) of adjective. Determining leadership style by: A High LPC Score ---------- Relationship Oriented. A Low LPC Score ---------- Task Oriented Slide 39: Fiedler assumes that an individual’s Leadership Style is fixed. This is Important because it means that if a situation requires a task-oriented leader and the person is relationship oriented leader, either the situation has to be modified or the leader replaced if optimal effectiveness is to be achieved. Slide 40: Defining the Situation Three Contingency dimensions as defined by Fiedler are as follows : Leader-Member Relations: The Degree of confidence, trust and respect members have in there leader. Task Structure: The Degree to which the job assignments are procedurized (i.e. Structured or Unstructured) Position Power: The Degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions and salary increases. Slide 41: Evaluating the Situation in terms of: Leader-Member Relations ---------- Either Good or Poor. Task Structure ---------- Either High or Low. Position Power ---------- Either Strong or Weak. Accordingly there are 8 different types of Situations, as stated by Fiedler Fiedler States that “The better the leader member relations, the more highly structured the job and stronger the position power, the more control the leader has” Slide 42: Category Leader member relationship Task structure Position power Good Good Good Good Poor High Poor Poor High Low High Low Low Low Low Poor Strong Strong Strong Strong Weak Weak Weak Weak Favorable Moderate Unfavorable Good Performance Poor Performance Task Oriented Relation-Ship Oriented Slide 43: Matching Leaders and Situations With the research of LPC and the three contingency dimensions, Fiedler model was developed. Based On research, Fiedler concluded that: Task Oriented leaders tend to perform better in situations that are favorable to them and also in situations that were very unfavorable. Relationship-Oriented leaders, perform better in moderately favorable situations How To Improve Leader Effectiveness? : Fiedler Views an individual’s style of leadership as fixed. Therefore, there are only 2 ways in which the leader effectiveness can be improved: Change the Leader to fit the Situation Change the Situation to fit the Leader. How To Improve Leader Effectiveness? Slide 45: Evaluation The Logic underlying the LPC is not well understood. Studies have shown that respondents LPC scores are not stable. It is Difficult to determine: How good the leader member relations are. How structured the Task is. How much position power the leader has. Cognitive Resource Theory(Introduction) : Developed by Fred Fiedler and Joe Garcia in 1987. Focused on the Role of Stress in different Situation’s and how leader’s intelligence and experience influence his reactions to stress. What is Stress? In Simple Terms: Stress can be defined as a difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension or in other words a state of mental or emotional strain to a person. Cognitive Resource Theory(Introduction) Cognitive Resource Theory : The Importance of leader’s intelligence and experience to effectiveness differs under low and high stress situations. Fiedler and Garcia found that: Intellectual abilities correlated positively under Low stress. Intellectual abilities correlated negatively under High Stress Cognitive Resource Theory Cognitive Resource Theory(Conclusion) : So, According to Fiedler and Garcia: It’s the level of stress in the situation that determines whether an individuals intelligence or experience will contribute to leadership performance. A Study, has confirmed that: When Stress level was low the leader was directive, and intelligence was important to leaders effectiveness. When the Stress level was high, the leader was afraid to share his thoughts, and intelligence was of no or very little use as he couldn’t address properly. These results were exactly what this theory predicted. Cognitive Resource Theory(Conclusion) Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory : “Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Is contingent to the followers readiness.” Thus, this theory tends to explain: Regardless of what a leader does, effectiveness depends upon the actions of followers. Follower’s are who accept or reject the leader. Leader-Follower relations are analogous to that between a parent and a child. Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory (SLT MODEL) : Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory (SLT MODEL) LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY : LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY Leader-Member Exchange Theory[LMX] describes how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tactic exchange agreements with their members. Formation of groups known as In-group & out-group The in-group consists of a small number of trusted followers with whom the leader usually establishes a special higher quality exchange relationship. LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY : The out-group includes the followers with whom the relationship of the leader remains more formal. LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY Slide 54: Follower’s characteristics play major role in driving leader’s decision Research says that leader do differentiate employees Being part of inner-circle is dangerous as one may fall and rise with his leader PATH-GOAL THEORY : Developed by Robert House It is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining goals and to provide the direction and support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the organization’s goals. Theory provides 4 leadership behaviors Directive Supportive Participative Achievement- oriented PATH-GOAL THEORY Slide 56: The Situational Factors of the Path-Goal Theory are: I) Subordinates' Personality: A Locus of Control (A participative leader is suitable for subordinates with internal locus of control; A directive leader is suitable for subordinates with external locus of control). B Self-perceived ability (Subordinates who perceive themselves as having high ability do not like directive leadership). Slide 57: II) Characteristics of the environment: - When working on a task that has a high structure, directive leadership is redundant and less effective. - When a highly formal authority system is in place, directive leadership can again reduce workers' satisfaction. - When subordinates are in a team environment that offers great social support, the supportive leadership style becomes less necessary. LEADER-PARTICIPATION MODEL : DEVELOPED BY VROOM AND YETTON Provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations. This model is often too complicated for managers/leaders to actually put into place in organizations. LEADER-PARTICIPATION MODEL DAVID NEELEMAN-CEO JETBLUE AIRLINES : DAVID NEELEMAN-CEO JETBLUE AIRLINES CONCLUSION : Leaders usually are the members of an organization who provide the direction towards goal attainment. Traits - Generally speaking, individuals who are ambitious; have high energy, a desire to lead, self-confidence, intelligence, and are flexible are more likely to succeed as leaders than those without these traits. No particular style (behavioral theories) is effective in all situations Contingency models help us better understand leadership. Consider…..Task structure of the job, level of situational stress, group support, leader intelligence and experience, and follower characteristics (personality, experience, ability and motivation) CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY : BOOK ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR BY STEPHEN ROBBINS AND TIMOTHY A JUDGE WEB WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG WWW.CHANGINGMINDS.ORG BIBLIOGRAPHY Slide 63: THANK YOU Slide 64: PRESENTED BY: UPLAKSH GUPTA 08030122122 You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
leadership uplakshgupta Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1687 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (3) Dislike it (0) Added: August 30, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 3 Presentation Description all about leadership Comments Posting comment... By: xsrazi (12 month(s) ago) well done Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: krazy_pal1 (20 month(s) ago) good one...! Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Leadership theories Slide 2: Leadership theories Topics Covered : What is Leadership? A Small Story Trait Theory Relationship Between Trait and Behavior Personality Measures of Personality Difference Between Leaders and Managers Behavioral Theories Ohio States Study University Of Michigan Studies The Managerial Grid Topics Covered Topics Covered (Cont.) : Contingency Theories Fiedler Model Cognitive Resource Theory Hershey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory Leader-Member Exchange Theory Path-Goal Theory Leader-Participation Model Conclusion Bibliography Topics Covered (Cont.) Leadership : What is leadership ? Leadership :- Leadership is the ability to influence an individual or a group of individual towards the achievement of a predefined goals. Leadership A Leadership Story: : A group of workers and their leaders are set a task of clearing a road through a dense jungle on a remote island to get to the coast where an estuary provides a perfect site for a port. The leaders organise the labour into efficient units and monitor the distribution and use of capital assets – progress is excellent. The leaders continue to monitor and evaluate progress, making adjustments along the way to ensure the progress is maintained and efficiency increased wherever possible. Then, one day amidst all the hustle and bustle and activity, one person climbs up a nearby tree. The person surveys the scene from the top of the tree. A Leadership Story: A Leadership Story: : And shouts down to the assembled group below… “Wrong Way!” (Story adapted from Stephen Covey (2004) “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” Simon & Schuster). “Management is doing things right, leadership is doing the right things” (Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker) said by them A Leadership Story: Difference Between Leader and Manager : Difference Between Leader and Manager Difference Between Leader and Manager (Cont…) : Difference Between Leader and Manager (Cont…) Slide 10: ‘Not all leaders are manager and, for that matter, not all managers are leaders.’ Trait Theory : What is trait theory ? Traits Theory :- Differentiate leader from non leader by focusing on there personal qualities and characteristics. personal qualities like charismatic , courageous etc. Trait Theory Personality : What is Personality ? Personality is the complex of all the attributes-- behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual. Personality The Big Five (measures of personality) : Extroversion :- this dimension captures ones comfort level with relationship . These people tend to be gregarious, assertive and social. Agreeableness :- this dimension refers to an individual propensity to defer to other .Highly agreeable persons are cooperative ,warm and trusting. The Big Five (measures of personality) Slide 14: Conscientiousness :- This dimension is a measure of reliability a highly conscientious person is responsible , organized and dependable Emotional stability :- This dimension taps the ability of person to handle stress. Openness to experience: - This dimension address one’s range of interest and fascination with novelty . Assumptions: To trait theory : People are born with inherited traits. Certain physical, social and personal traits are inherent in leaders. You should look for people with the “right” traits when looking to fill leadership roles. Assumptions: To trait theory Types : Physical Traits: Being young to middle-aged Energetic Tall Handsome Social Background Traits: Educated at the “right” school Socially prominent Upwardly mobile Types Types(cont..) : Social Traits: Charismatic Charming Tactful Popular Cooperative Diplomatic Personality Traits: Self-Confidence Adaptable Assertive Emotionally-stable Types(cont..) Relationship between traits & leadership : It is found that people with some special characteristics & quality generally establishes them self as leaders . leaders like Mahatma Gandhi who was often recognized as charismatic ,enthusiastic and courageous person . Relationship between traits & leadership Relationship between traits & leadership (cont..) : Traits that are consistent determinants of leadership success: 1.Emotional stability and composure: Remaining calm, confident and predictable, particularly when under stress. 2.Willingness to admit to errors: Owning up to mistakes, rather than putting energy into covering up. 3.Interpersonal skills: Ability to communicate and persuade others without resorting to negative or coercive tactics. 4.Intellectual breadth: Ability to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow (and narrow minded) area of expertise. Relationship between traits & leadership (cont..) Drawbacks of trait theory : Initially examined leadership in only one context. Assumed the traits observed were inherent, not learned . Have yet to identify a set of traits that will consistently separate leaders from followers. Drawbacks of trait theory BEHAVIORALTHEORIES : BEHAVIORALTHEORIES Slide 22: Failure of trait theory led researchers to go in different directions These were theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from non-leaders Researchers wondered if there was something unique in the way that effective leaders behave. If yes, then we can implant these behavioral patters to individual and make them effective leaders. BASIC ASSUMPTION : Trait theory Based on selection Leaders are born rather than made Behavioral theory We could train people to be leaders To implant behavior patters in individuals to make effective leaders BASIC ASSUMPTION Slide 24: Behavioral theories include a number of studies that looked at the behavioral styles or skills exhibited by the leaders or they have in them . 1.The Ohio state leadership studies 2. The university of Michigan studies 3. The managerial grid OHIO STATE STUDIES : Research began at Ohio state university in late 1940’s To identify independent dimensions of leader behavior. Resulted in two dimensions: Initiating structure consideration OHIO STATE STUDIES Slide 26: INITIATING STRUCTURE - the extend to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinate in the search for goal attainment CONSIDERATION - the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust ,respect for subordinates’ ideas , and regards for their feelings. CONCLUSION OF OHIO STUDIES : High on one dimension does not mean low on another Followers of leaders high in consideration were more satisfied , motivated and had respect for their leaders Leaders high in initiating structure increased organizations productivity and performance. CONCLUSION OF OHIO STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN STUDIES : Objective= to locate behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared to be related to measure of performance effectiveness Came up with two-dimension of leadership behavior Employee-oriented Production-oriented UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN STUDIES Slide 29: Employee-oriented --- emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a personal interests in the needs of employees; and accepting individual differences among members Production-oriented --- one who emphasizes technical or task aspect of the job Closely related to Ohio state dimensions Employee oriented = consideration Production oriented = initiating structure CONCLUSION OF MICHIGAN RESEARCHERS : Favored the leaders who were employee-oriented in behavior . Recommended only one dimension important for a manger to be successful i.e. employee-oriented leadership (or consideration) CONCLUSION OF MICHIGAN RESEARCHERS THE MANAGERIAL GRID : A graphic portrayal of two-dimensional view of leadership styles Developed by Blake and Mouton Based on the styles of “concern for people” and “concern for production” It doesn’t tell us why a manager falls into one part or another grid Helps in understanding both the Ohio studies and the Michigan university studies THE MANAGERIAL GRID THE MANAGERIAL GRID : THE MANAGERIAL GRID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Concern for production-> <- Concern for people -> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Slide 33: It’s a 9 by 9 matrix outlining the 81 different leadership styles. (1,1) – impoverished manager (1,9) – manger who seeks “cheap popularity” (5,5) – middle of the road manager (9,1) – task master (9,9) – team manager , ideal manager 99.5% researchers say that 9.9 style is the soundest way to manage Contingency Theory : Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. According to this theory, no one leadership style is best in all situations. Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers, and aspects of the situation. Contingency Theory Contingency Theories : Fiedler Contingency Model Cognitive Resource Theory Hershey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory Leader-Member Exchange Theory Path-Goal Theory Leader-Participation Model Contingency Theories Fiedler Model : The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader. Fiedler Model Fiedler Model : Identifying Leadership Styles Defining The Situation Leader-Member Relations Task Structure Position Power Matching Leaders and Situations Evaluation Fiedler Model Slide 38: Identifying Leadership Style Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) It Purports to measure if a person is task oriented or relationship oriented. The LPC Questionnaire consists of 16 sets of adjectives (such as pleasant and unpleasant, efficient and inefficient, supportive and hostile etc.) Rating the Least Preferred Co-Worker on scale of 1 to 8 for each set(16) of adjective. Determining leadership style by: A High LPC Score ---------- Relationship Oriented. A Low LPC Score ---------- Task Oriented Slide 39: Fiedler assumes that an individual’s Leadership Style is fixed. This is Important because it means that if a situation requires a task-oriented leader and the person is relationship oriented leader, either the situation has to be modified or the leader replaced if optimal effectiveness is to be achieved. Slide 40: Defining the Situation Three Contingency dimensions as defined by Fiedler are as follows : Leader-Member Relations: The Degree of confidence, trust and respect members have in there leader. Task Structure: The Degree to which the job assignments are procedurized (i.e. Structured or Unstructured) Position Power: The Degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions and salary increases. Slide 41: Evaluating the Situation in terms of: Leader-Member Relations ---------- Either Good or Poor. Task Structure ---------- Either High or Low. Position Power ---------- Either Strong or Weak. Accordingly there are 8 different types of Situations, as stated by Fiedler Fiedler States that “The better the leader member relations, the more highly structured the job and stronger the position power, the more control the leader has” Slide 42: Category Leader member relationship Task structure Position power Good Good Good Good Poor High Poor Poor High Low High Low Low Low Low Poor Strong Strong Strong Strong Weak Weak Weak Weak Favorable Moderate Unfavorable Good Performance Poor Performance Task Oriented Relation-Ship Oriented Slide 43: Matching Leaders and Situations With the research of LPC and the three contingency dimensions, Fiedler model was developed. Based On research, Fiedler concluded that: Task Oriented leaders tend to perform better in situations that are favorable to them and also in situations that were very unfavorable. Relationship-Oriented leaders, perform better in moderately favorable situations How To Improve Leader Effectiveness? : Fiedler Views an individual’s style of leadership as fixed. Therefore, there are only 2 ways in which the leader effectiveness can be improved: Change the Leader to fit the Situation Change the Situation to fit the Leader. How To Improve Leader Effectiveness? Slide 45: Evaluation The Logic underlying the LPC is not well understood. Studies have shown that respondents LPC scores are not stable. It is Difficult to determine: How good the leader member relations are. How structured the Task is. How much position power the leader has. Cognitive Resource Theory(Introduction) : Developed by Fred Fiedler and Joe Garcia in 1987. Focused on the Role of Stress in different Situation’s and how leader’s intelligence and experience influence his reactions to stress. What is Stress? In Simple Terms: Stress can be defined as a difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension or in other words a state of mental or emotional strain to a person. Cognitive Resource Theory(Introduction) Cognitive Resource Theory : The Importance of leader’s intelligence and experience to effectiveness differs under low and high stress situations. Fiedler and Garcia found that: Intellectual abilities correlated positively under Low stress. Intellectual abilities correlated negatively under High Stress Cognitive Resource Theory Cognitive Resource Theory(Conclusion) : So, According to Fiedler and Garcia: It’s the level of stress in the situation that determines whether an individuals intelligence or experience will contribute to leadership performance. A Study, has confirmed that: When Stress level was low the leader was directive, and intelligence was important to leaders effectiveness. When the Stress level was high, the leader was afraid to share his thoughts, and intelligence was of no or very little use as he couldn’t address properly. These results were exactly what this theory predicted. Cognitive Resource Theory(Conclusion) Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory : “Successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Is contingent to the followers readiness.” Thus, this theory tends to explain: Regardless of what a leader does, effectiveness depends upon the actions of followers. Follower’s are who accept or reject the leader. Leader-Follower relations are analogous to that between a parent and a child. Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory (SLT MODEL) : Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory (SLT MODEL) LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY : LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY Leader-Member Exchange Theory[LMX] describes how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tactic exchange agreements with their members. Formation of groups known as In-group & out-group The in-group consists of a small number of trusted followers with whom the leader usually establishes a special higher quality exchange relationship. LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY : The out-group includes the followers with whom the relationship of the leader remains more formal. LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY Slide 54: Follower’s characteristics play major role in driving leader’s decision Research says that leader do differentiate employees Being part of inner-circle is dangerous as one may fall and rise with his leader PATH-GOAL THEORY : Developed by Robert House It is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining goals and to provide the direction and support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the organization’s goals. Theory provides 4 leadership behaviors Directive Supportive Participative Achievement- oriented PATH-GOAL THEORY Slide 56: The Situational Factors of the Path-Goal Theory are: I) Subordinates' Personality: A Locus of Control (A participative leader is suitable for subordinates with internal locus of control; A directive leader is suitable for subordinates with external locus of control). B Self-perceived ability (Subordinates who perceive themselves as having high ability do not like directive leadership). Slide 57: II) Characteristics of the environment: - When working on a task that has a high structure, directive leadership is redundant and less effective. - When a highly formal authority system is in place, directive leadership can again reduce workers' satisfaction. - When subordinates are in a team environment that offers great social support, the supportive leadership style becomes less necessary. LEADER-PARTICIPATION MODEL : DEVELOPED BY VROOM AND YETTON Provides a set of rules to determine the form and amount of participative decision making in different situations. This model is often too complicated for managers/leaders to actually put into place in organizations. LEADER-PARTICIPATION MODEL DAVID NEELEMAN-CEO JETBLUE AIRLINES : DAVID NEELEMAN-CEO JETBLUE AIRLINES CONCLUSION : Leaders usually are the members of an organization who provide the direction towards goal attainment. Traits - Generally speaking, individuals who are ambitious; have high energy, a desire to lead, self-confidence, intelligence, and are flexible are more likely to succeed as leaders than those without these traits. No particular style (behavioral theories) is effective in all situations Contingency models help us better understand leadership. Consider…..Task structure of the job, level of situational stress, group support, leader intelligence and experience, and follower characteristics (personality, experience, ability and motivation) CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY : BOOK ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR BY STEPHEN ROBBINS AND TIMOTHY A JUDGE WEB WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG WWW.CHANGINGMINDS.ORG BIBLIOGRAPHY Slide 63: THANK YOU Slide 64: PRESENTED BY: UPLAKSH GUPTA 08030122122