STEM CELLS

STEM CELLS: 

STEM CELLS REGENERATION OF LIFE

STEM CELLS: 

STEM CELLS PRESENTED BY V.PRASANNA KRISHNA UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mrs.UMARUNNISHA ABDULKADER, M.Pharm Asst.Professor Saastra College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,Nellore , Andrapradesh .

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INTRODUCTION:- Today living in the 21st century, we still do not have proper treatments for many diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease  etc. some light of hope for the teatment of these incurable diseases is - the Stem Cells. Stem cells are a special kind of cell that have the ability to divide indefinitely and have the potential to give rise to specialized cells (that is, any cell of the body).

INTRODUCTION: 

INTRODUCTION A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind of cells/tissues

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PROPERTIES:- All stem cells—regardless of their source have three general properties They are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods They are unspecialized They can give rise to specialized cell types

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Types of stem cells:- Totipotent:- the ability to differintiate into all types ex:morula Pluripotent:-the ability to differentiate into almost all types ex:cells from inner cell mass Multipotent:-the ability to diffrentiate related into a closely related families ex:haemotopoitic stem cells Oligopotent:the ability to differentiate into a few cells ex:lymphoid Unipotent:the ability to cells of their own type ex:muscle stem cells

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Sources of stem cells:- Embryonic stem cells - are harvested from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst seven to ten days after fertilization. Fetal stem cells - are taken from the germline tissues that will make up the gonads of aborted fetuses. Umbilical cord stem cells - Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells similar to those found in bone marrow. Placenta derived stem cells - up to ten times as many stem cells can be harvested from a placenta as from cord blood. Adult stem cells - Many adult tissues contain stem cells that can be isolated

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Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body The embryos from which human embryonic stem cells are derived are typically four or five days old and are a hollow microscopic ball of cells called the blastocyst The blastocyst includes three structures: the trophoblast, which is the layer of cells that surrounds the blastocyst; the blastocoel, which is the hollow cavity inside the blastocyst; the inner cell mass, approximately 30 cells at one end of the blastocoel Embroyonic stem cells

Embroyonic stem culture:-: 

Embroyonic stem culture:- Cell culture Human embryonic stem cells are isolated by transferring the inner cell mass into a plastic laboratory culture dish that contains a nutrient broth known as culture medium The cells divide and spread over the surface of the dish The inner surface of the culture dish is typically coated with mouse embryonic skin cells that have been treated so they will not divide This coating layer of cells is called a feeder layer Which provide a sticky surface for the inner cell mass to which they can attach Also, the feeder cells release nutrients into the culture medium Culture media without the feeder cell layer is also available

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Over the course of several days, the cells of the inner cell mass proliferate and begin to crowd the culture dish When this occurs, they are removed gently and plated into several fresh culture dishes The process of replating the cells is repeated many times and for many months, and is called subculturing After six months or more, the original 30 cells of the inner cell mass yield millions of embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem cells that have proliferated in cell culture for six or more months without differentiating, are pluripotent, and appear genetically normal are referred to as an embryonic stem cell line Once cell lines are established, or even before that stage, batches of them can be frozen and shipped to other laboratories for further culture and experimentation

Cryopreservation: 

Cryopreservation Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as (typically) 77 K or −196 °C (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen). At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death, is effectively stopped

AMNIOTIC STEM CELLS: 

AMNIOTIC STEM CELLS Multipotent stem cells are also found in amniotic fluid Amniotic stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic and also neuronal lines.

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Sources of adult stem cells:- There are three sources of autologous adult stem cells ) Bone marrow, which requires extraction by harvesting , that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or illiac crest Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction Blood, which requires extraction through pheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor, (similar to a blood donation) passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.

TRANSPLANTION OF STEM CELLS: 

TRANSPLANTION OF STEM CELLS For over 30 years, bone marrow, and more recently, umbilical cord blood stem cells, have been used to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukemia and lymphoma .During chemotherapy , most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. It is this side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem cell transplant attempts to reverse; a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment

AUTOLOGOS STEM CELLS: 

AUTOLOGOS STEM CELLS Sources of the patient's own stem cells (autologous) are either the cells from patient's own body or his or her cord blood. For autologous transplants physicians now usually collect stem cells from the peripheral blood rather than the marrow .

ALLOGENIC STEM CELLS: 

ALLOGENIC STEM CELLS Sources of stem cells from another donor (allogeneic) are primarily relatives (familial-allogeneic) or completely unrelated donors (unrelated-allogeneic). The stem cells in this situation are extracted from either the donor's body or cord blood

DRUG TESTING: 

DRUG TESTING Stem cells could allow scientists to test new drugs using human cell line which could speed up new drug development It would allow quicker and safer development of new drugs

REGENERATIVE MEDICINE: 

REGENERATIVE MEDICINE ability of stem cells to self-renew with variable degrees of differentiation capacities,offers significant potential for generation of tissues that can potentially replace diseased and damaged areas in the body, with minimal risk of rejection and side effects.

REGENERATIVE MEDICINE: 

REGENERATIVE MEDICINE For the first time researchers reconstitute a complete organ. New bladders were made by growing bladder cells from the patients on a biodegradable scaffolding. - Reported in the Lancet (April, 2006)

STEM CELL CONTROVERSY: 

STEM CELL CONTROVERSY Harvesting ES cells destroys the blastocyst “This is murder” ES cell research requires human cells Could create a commercial market for human cells “This devalues life”

STEMCELL POLITICS: 

STEMCELL POLITICS 1993 – President Clinton lifted the ban 1994 – the Human Embryo Research Panel favored research, but Clinton overrode the panel 1995 – Congress banned federal funding

STEMCEL POLITICS: 

STEMCEL POLITICS August 9, 2001 - President Bush restricted federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research to 60 lines thought to be in existence Only 11 now available and useable Many researchers calling for change

OTHER SOURCES: 

OTHER SOURCES Using genetic reprogramming with protein transcription factors , pluripotent stem cells equivalent to embryonic stem cells have been derived from human adult skin tissue. Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues at Kyoto University used the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 in their experimentS on cells from human faces As a result of the success of these experiments, Ian Wilmut , who helped create the first cloned animal Dolly the Sheep ,

CLONING: 

CLONING

CLONING A SHEEP: 

CLONING A SHEEP

HUMAN STEMCELL PRODUCTION: 

HUMAN STEMCELL PRODUCTION

Why we should support Can help several disabled: 

Why we should support Can help several disabled Human embryonic stem cell (HESC) research offers great promise of cures for otherwise incurable conditions: spinal cord injuries, ALS, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, etc.

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the first time in 19 years, a Korean woman walks on her own after being treated with adult stem cells from umbilical cord blood. - Korean Times (11/26/04

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THANK U NEVER GIVE UP FACE ANY STRUGLE IN UR LIFE TO REACH UR DESTINATION - PRASANNA