pluralpreg

Multiple Fetal Pregnancy : 

Multiple Fetal Pregnancy

Content: : 

Content: 1- Incidence and epidemiology. 2- Etiology of multiple fetus. 3- Types of twins:- a- Determination of zygosity. b- Risk of zygosity: * Risk of fetuses. * Maternal complications. * Problem specific to monochorionic twins 4- Management of twins:- a- Antenatal. b- In labor.

Incidence and epidemiology : 

Incidence and epidemiology Rate of twins and higher-order multiple births increase by infertility therapy. Increase neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Increase maternal complication with multiple gestations at least two fold. Frequency of twins:- a- Monozygotic: 1:250 (independent) b- Dizygatic: 1:90 white USA 1:20 African * Depend on race, hereditary, age, parity and fertility drugs.

Incidence and epidemiology : 

Incidence and epidemiology Hereditary  mother important than father. Age  peak at 37 years of age. Parity  increase more than six times.

Ethiology of multiple fetuses : 

Ethiology of multiple fetuses Dizygotic: It is a fertilization of two separate ovum. Monozygotic = Identical twins: It is a single fertilized ovum that subsequently divides into two similar structures.

Divisions : 

Divisions First 72 H  two embryos, diamniotic, dichorionic and two placenta or single fused placenta. 4-8 days  two embryos, diamniotic, monochorionic. About 8 days after fertilization  two embryos, monoamniotic and monochorionic. Divisions  clearage is incomplete and conjoined twins result.

Types of twins : 

Types of twins Determination of zygosity: (dizygotic twins are a genetic model).* Multiple pregnancy increase risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Monochronic twins 20% of all twin pregnancy have the worse prognosis than their dichorionic. * Early ultra sound determine the chorionicity.* The effect of the zygosity on the out come is less clear.* the out come of dichorionic monozygotic seem to have the same out come of dizygotic twins. * zygosity refers to genetic work up of the pregnancy.* Chorionicity indicate the membrane composition of the pregnancy (the chorion and amnion)

Diagnosis of Multiple Fetuses : 

Diagnosis of Multiple Fetuses History. Clinical Examination. Investigations.

History : 

History Family history. Advanced age. High parity. Large maternal size. Medication.

Clinical Examination : 

Clinical Examination Late in first trimester by Doppler  two fetal hearts. Uterine palpation can feel two fetal heads or multiple fetal parts. Uterine size is larger than expected for the gestational age determined from menstrual data.

Deferential diagnosis for large for date : 

Deferential diagnosis for large for date Multiple fetuses. Inaccurate menstrual history. Hydramnios. Hydatidiform mole. Elevation of the uterus by distended bladder. Uterine myomas. A closely attached adnexal mass. Fetal macrosomia (late in pregnancy)

Investigations : 

Investigations Ultrasonograghic examination  separated gestational sacs in early pregnancy. Radiological Biochemical tests:a- chorionic gonadotropin in plasma and in urine.b- alpha fetoprotein level (alone is not diagnostic).

Risk of Multiple Fetal Pregnancy : 

Risk of Multiple Fetal Pregnancy Abortion: Increase spontaneous abortion more than three times. Malformation: Congenital malformation > single Low birth weight:a- growth restriction (estimated fetal weight less than 10th percentile for singleton gestation).b- preterm c- discordance (difference in estimated fetal weight of greater than 20%-25% between twin A and twin B). Decrease duration of gestation:a- 57% of twins  at 35 weeks. b- 92% of triplets  at 32 weeks.c- all quadruplets  at 29–30 weeks

Risk of Multiple Fetal Pregnancy : 

Risk of Multiple Fetal Pregnancy Preterm birth:a- It is the most common complication of multiple pregnancies effecting long term out come.b- prophylactic use of c- fetal fibronectin (at 24-28 weeks if high associated with increase risk of preterm before 32 weeks of gestation). Cercolage Bed rest Tocolytics

Risk of Multiple Fetal Pregnancy : 

Risk of Multiple Fetal Pregnancy Prolonged pregnancy:a- twin pregnancy of 40 weeks or more should be considered post term.b- increase risk of stillbirth.c- conceder delivery of uncomplicated twins of 39 weeks of gestation. Intrauterine fetal demise of one twin (late pregnancy), Vanishing twin (early pregnancy).

Maternal Complication : 

Maternal Complication Acute fatty liver. Anemia. Abnormal placentation. Amniotic fluid volume abnormalities. Preeclampsia. Operative vaginal delivery and C-section. Premature rupture of membrane. Postpartum hemorrhage. Umbilical cord prolapse.

Problems Specific to Monochorionic twins : 

Problems Specific to Monochorionic twins Twin-Twin transfusion syndrome:-* 15% of monochorionic develops.* Early onset often is associated with poor prognosis. * Twin-Twin transfusion can be acute or chronic.* The net effect of blood flow imbalance result: a- donor  small, hypoperfused, anemic. b- recipient  large, hyperperfused.

Problems for Monoamnionicity : 

Problems for Monoamnionicity Rare < 1% . Mortality 20-50%. Cord entanglement. Perinatal mortality. Preterm Delivery. Growth restriction. Congenital anomalies. Conjoined twins  Siamese twins* Anterior (thoracopagus).* Posterior (pygopagus).* Cephalic (craniopagus).* Caudal (ischopagus).

Problems for Monoamnionicity : 

Problems for Monoamnionicity Acardiac twins (Reversed-Arterial Perfusion TRAP).* rare 1:3500 births.* large A-A placental shunt between umbilical arteries in early embryogenesis, 75% monochorionic, diamniotic. 25% monochorionic monoamniotic.

Management : 

Management Antenatal. In Labor.

Antenatal Management : 

Antenatal Management Early diagnosis (mainly by ultra sound) Adequate nutrition:-1- Caloric consumption increased by 300 Kcal per day.2- Iron 60-100 mg per day.3- Folic acid 1mg per day. Frequent prenatal visit:-observe maternal and fetal complications1- Frequent ultra sound  fetal growth, congenital anomalies, amniotic fluid. 2- Doppler.3- BPP.

In Labor Management : 

In Labor Management Trained obstetrical attendant. Available blood. Good access I.V live. CTG monitoring. Anesthetist  ER C-S Pediatrician for each fetus. Mode of delivery depend on presentation.

Presentation : 

Presentation Cephalic - Cephalic 42% Cephalic - Breech 27% Cephalic - Transverse 18% Breech - Breech 5% Other 8% Management in First stage Second stage Third stage (PPH)

Thank You : 

Thank You