AR introduction to microprocessors

ECE 2211 Microprocessor and Interfacing : 

ECE 2211 Microprocessor and Interfacing Br. Athaur Rahman Bin Najeeb Room 2.105 Email: athaur@iium.edu.my Website: http://eng.iiu.edu.my/~athaur Consultation : Tuesday 10.00 am ( appointment)

Overview : 

Overview Today’s Lecture: Overview

Course Overview : 

Outline Course OverviewObjectiveEvaluationTeaching MaterialTeaching PlanFriendly ReminderTheory of SuccessQuestionnaireHistorical BackgroundBorn of UP Evolution Up Course Overview Download your course outline from my website And pls do read Course Overview

Objective : 

Objective At the end of the course, students should be able to : Identify microprocessor architecture and technology Identify and differentiate the functionality of components which makes the microprocessor Able to describe how it works Able to develop, write Assembly Language programs Understands the memory interface circuits and input output interface circuits Understand the concept and design of microprocessor memory To understand the concept of interrupt

Evaluation : 

Evaluation Evaluaiton of ECE 2211

Materials and References : 

Materials and References Text book Triebel W.A. and Singh A., (2003) The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors Programming, Interfacing, Software, Hardware and Application, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall References M. A. Mazidi, The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers,Volumes I & II, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003

Teaching Plan : 

Teaching Plan Will not following TEXTBOOK exactly. But the layout Attendance is compulsory, Please do not wear slippers/sandals to classes. Grow up and be matured Early means Be earlier than the lecturer

Friendly Reminder : 

Friendly Reminder Wanna to get ‘A’ ? You know yourself Attitude determines your altitude No ‘automatic’ passes Final semester students Attendance compulsory ; Own responsibility IIUM panel clinic MC / STADD Letter Remember ! You have quiz Lectures Read a lot, revise every day

Theory of Success : ATHAUR® : 

Theory of Success : ATHAUR® A: Attitude; All Knowledge from Allah SWT T: Think Positive ; Time Management; Technique H: Honest; Humble A: Altruistic U: Unique R: Research, Resource; Reference, Rest , Ringgit

Test yourself ; How far you know the technology : 

Test yourself ; How far you know the technology 1. A personal computer (PC) has only one microprocessors. 2. 2GHz Intel microprocessor is faster then 1.8GHz AMD microprocessors. 3. 80% of the microprocessors sales are for PCs market. 4. The performance of the RAM is not important compared to microprocessor performance. 5. Serial port is faster than USB. 6. New generation of x86 microprocessors has more then 200 instruction sets.

Evolution of computers : 

Evolution of computers

Historical Background : 

Historical Background Simple Chronically of events which leads to development of modern computers/processors Pre-Computers : Mechanical Age - Use of mechanical devices for computation “ The Abacus “ - Babylon ? Chinese ? 1000 – 500 BC Leonardo da Vinci 1500s (?) - Notes Wilhelm Schickard: Calculating Clock “ in 1623. (?)- Letter Blaise Pascal : mechanical calculator in 1642 – Adds, Substract 8 digit Gottfried von Leibniz : upgrade of Pascal device ( +,-,*,/) Charles Babbage 1820 : Difference Engine ( British Army ) - a steam-powered mechanical computer to perform various calculating tasks - 1832 : Analytical engine : Punch card system for output , perform simple condition ( not complete; reconstructed based on notes )

Historical Background II – Mechanical AgeAnalytical Engine : 

Historical Background II – Mechanical AgeAnalytical Engine The Babbage Difference Engine(1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470 Analog to modern computers ( fundamentals of computer programming, including data analysis, looping and memory addressing. ) Use punch card system for programming and output result

1st generation Vacum Tube : 

1st generation Vacum Tube 1943 First electronic computer is used to decode the German Armysecret codes, coded by the Enigma machine: Colossus 1946 First General Purpose computer: ENIAC 17000 vacuum tubes, 500 miles of wire 30 tons, ENIAC - in 1946, ( Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer ) the first general-purpose, programmable electronic computer system. (Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly ) Programmed by rewiring circuits. Application: Military usage ( calculate the paths of artillery shells ) ENIAC used vacuum tubes to process data. It had about 18,000 tubes, each the size of a small light bulb. The computer was composed of 30 separate units with additional power supplies and cooling units. It weighed more than 30 tons, occupied 1800 sq and consumed 175 kw of power http://www.crews.org/curriculum/ex/compsci/articles/generations.htm Moden Operating Systems, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, pg 6

ENIAC : 

ENIAC

First Transistor : 

First Transistor How does the ENI1947 becomes smaller ? Limitation of electron tubes – invention of the TRANSISTOR 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain -> “transistor,”

Transistors : 

Transistors Z3 - Konrad Zuse 1941, an electrical driven mechanical calculators at 5.33Hz Z3 later evolved to Z4 – the first commercial product

The First IC : 

The First IC Transistor technology are superseded by Integrated Circuit. Limitation on transistors ( size, components, wiring, instability) motivates the engineers to think to place whole circuit -- the transistors, the wires, everything else in a single component. Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments ) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor ) – (1958 – 1959 ) invent it separately - semiconductor The advancements of IC technology leads to development of speeder and smaller computers

Born of Microprocessor – Starts of Intel Legacy : 

Born of Microprocessor – Starts of Intel Legacy 1971 : Intel : 1st CPU : Microprocessor :4004 4-bit data bus, 23,000 transistors Computation capability = ENAIC 45 instruction set 50K instruction per second Other Functional Elements 16 general purpose registers program counter and three levels of return address stack ALU both binary and decimal instruction decoder and all the control logic for the internal functional blocks of the CPU generation of timing signal for the CPU and for the rest of the MCS-4 family control of the external bus for the memory and for the I/O functions.

Evolution of Intel Microprocessors : 

Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

Changes in Microprocessor(Moore’s Law ) : 

Changes in Microprocessor(Moore’s Law ) Intel Founder, Gordon More April, 1965 describes (predict .. ? ) a trend in the history of computer hardware number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit is increasing exponentially, doubling approximately every two years . Kanellos, Michael (10 February 2003) “not expected to stop for another decade at least and perhaps more longer” Almost every measure of the capabilities of digital electronic devices is linked to Moore's Law: processing speed, memory capacity, even the resolution of digital camera. And there are increasing exponentially

Power Density : 

Power Density

Microcomputer : 

Microcomputer 3 ( or 4 .. ? ) main components : IO, CPU, Memory Unit . The memory and I/O are connected to the CPU by a large collection of wires/conductors - Bus. Microprocessor (CPU) : Brain ( heart ? ) AND THIS IS OUR SUBJECT MATTER – the 8088 and 8086

Microcomputer – A closer look : 

Microcomputer – A closer look

What is a microprocessor : 

What is a microprocessor The central processing unit of a computer A general purpose unit built into a single circuit A circuit of transistors and other electrical components on a chip that can process programs, remember information, or perform calculations An integrated circuit that accepts coded instructions, executes the instructions received, and delivers signals that describe its internal status Responsible for performing all arithmetic operations and making the logic decisions initiated by the computer program In addition to that, it also controls the overall system operation So we call it the ‘Brain’ …

Microprocessor: Closer Look : 

Microprocessor: Closer Look The microprocessor contains the : arithmetic logic unit (ALU) the control unit for a microcomputer. Registers – Internal Memory It is connected to memory and I/O by buses which carry information between the units. I bus/conductor for 1 bit; 16 busses for 16 bit address busses

Microprocessor: What does it do ? : 

Microprocessor: What does it do ? Performs the main tasks for the computer system data transfer between μP (registers) and memory or I/O arithmetic and logic operations. i.e. ADD, SUB, AND, OR, etc program flow via simple decisions. i.e. Zero, Sign, Carry, etc All the arithmetic operations of a microprocessor take place in the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) The control unit directs the operation of the other units provide timing and control signals interpret instructions and generate signals necessary for the execution of instructions (instruction decoder) execute programs which are stored in memory in the form ofinstructions and data (program counter)

Types of Microprocessor : 

Types of Microprocessor Microprocessor ( General purpose, DSP – What is the difference) Processor on a chip In 1982, IBM began selling the idea of a personal computer. It featured a system board designed around the Intel 8088 8-bit microprocessor, 16 K memory and 5 expansion slots. This last feature was the most significant one as it opened the door for 3rd party vendors to supply video, printer, modem, disk drive, and RS 232 serial adapter cards. Generic PC: A computer with interchangeable components manufactured by a variety of companies Microcontroller is an entire computer on a chip, a microprocessor with on-chip memory and I/O. These parts are designed into (embedded within) a product and run a program which never changes Home appliances, modern automobiles, heat, air-conditioning control, navigation systems Intel’s MCS-51 family, for example, is based on an 8-bit microprocessor, but features up to 32K bytes of on-board ROM, 32 individually programmable digital input/output lines, a serial communications channel

General Purpose Microprocessor : 

General Purpose Microprocessor

Microcontroller : 

Microcontroller