Respiratory system of Birds - เฟย์1

Respiratory problems management in bird : 

Respiratory problems management in bird Miss Thepinthitiya Supakit ID 483180074-0

Bird’s respiratory system : 

Bird’s respiratory system

Differences in Avian and Mammalian Respiratory Systems : 

Differences in Avian and Mammalian Respiratory Systems

Respiratory cycle of a bird : 

Respiratory cycle of a bird 1 On first inhalation, air flows through the trachea & bronchi & primarily into the posterior (rear) air sacs 2 On exhalation, air moves from the posterior air sacs & into the lungs 3 With the second inhalation, air moves from the lungs & into the anterior (front) air sacs 4 With the second exhalation, air moves from the anterior air sacs back into the trachea & out

RESPIRATORY DISEASE : 

RESPIRATORY DISEASE The abdominal air sac gas closely resembles the environmental air and this is often used to explain the higher incidence of disease in these air sacs. Differentiate between primary respiratory disease and other diseases such as malnutrition, obesity goitre abdominal fluid; ascites (liver or renal disease, neoplasia), blood (trauma) neoplasia systemic viral diseases (herpesviruses, paramyxovirus) cardiac disease

UPPER RESPIRATORY DISEASE : 

UPPER RESPIRATORY DISEASE

LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE : 

LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE

CLINICAL SIGNS : 

CLINICAL SIGNS Open-mouthed breating Change in voice Sneezing Sinus swelling Nasal granulomas Exercise intolerance Dyspnea Head shaking Mucopurulent nasal discharge Caughing Stretching the neck Yawning Epiphora Plugged nares Closed eyes

STABILIZATION : 

STABILIZATION A patient with abdominal effort, open mouthed breathing and cyanosis Oxygen therapy Placement of an air sac tube Bronchodilator Terbutaline (0.01 mg/kg : IM) Theophylline (10 mg/kg : SC,IV) Aminophylline (4-10 mg/kg : SC,IV)

STABILIZATION : 

STABILIZATION Prevent lethal shock Dexamethazone (5 mg/kg : IV) Mucolytic Bromhexine (2 mg/kg : PO or nebulization) Fluids administered Estimated dehydration (%) x body weight = fluid deficit (mL) Daily maintenance is 50 mL/kg/day

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION : 

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Examined in a dimly lit room Quickly but gently restrained Minimise stress. The neck, wings, and feet are restrained Leaving the chest unrestricted.

EXAMINATION : 

EXAMINATION Eyes Nares Sinus Trachea Lung Air sacs

Nebulisation : 

Nebulisation Nebulizers work on respiratory infections because it delivers medication directly to the sinus cavities and the lungs without having to go through the whole system A 1:10 solution of antibiotics agents in a hand sprayer or nebuliser The plant sprayers generally do not produce fine enough particles to access the lower air sacs however, for that a nebuliser (with particle size <3 um) must be used and the bird placed into a purpose-built nebuliser cage, a glass tank or a plastic bag with holes in is placed over a small cage. 10-30 min, two or four times daily.

Medications commonly used in nebulization therapy : 

Medications commonly used in nebulization therapy

Sinus Flush : 

Sinus Flush Restrained firmly or anesthetised. A syringe of warmed saline (1-2ml per 100g bodyweight) is pressed to form a seal against the nares and the volume slowly infused. The fluid will flow freely from the choana and out of the mouth. Flush both sides alternately. I. Medication II. Obtain sample III. Dislodge exudates or foreign body

Air Sac Cannulation : 

Air Sac Cannulation Acute severe dyspnea caused by tracheal blockage is an avian emergency. A severely dyspnoeic bird may also be stabilised before treatment The bird is anaesthetised and placed in lateral recumbency.

Air Sac Cannulation : 

Air Sac Cannulation The area caudal to the last rib is surgically prepared. A small skin incision is made just caudal to the last rib and the abdominal muscles dissected. A sterile endotracheal tube or tubing of appropriate size is inserted into the air sac. The tube is fixed in place using sutures or glue.

POST CARE : 

POST CARE Ventilation control Temperature control Nutrition support

ESOPHAGEAL TUBE FEEDING : 

ESOPHAGEAL TUBE FEEDING The tube is passed approximately 3-3 1/2 inches. Once in the crop you can actually feel the tip of the tube by feeling the skin on the outside of the crop. Slowly inject the solution into the crop The neck should be kept in full extension during the feeding to discourage any overflow or reflux. After injection of the solution the tube is slowly and carefully removed. If reflux occurs during the feeding process the bird should be released immediately to let him clear his throat on his own.

Slide 21: 

THANK YOU