ipm sekaran edit 2

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Prepairedd by:- Mr.Thadchanamoorthy Sekaran IPM in Maize

Contents:

Contents Introduction Objectives Methodology Results & Discussion Conclusion

Introduction:

Introduction PEST An organism reduces the availability, quality, or the value of human resources such as plant or animal which grown for food, fiber, or pleasure. So the yield from farm is reduced. PEST CONTROL METHODS Cultural control - crop rotation, crop sanitation, proper time of planting and harvesting, water management, planting trap crops, choose resistant variety Biological control - parasitoids, predators, phytophage, pathogen to control pests. Chemical control -spraying chemical to keep pest below economic injury level Integrated pest management

Objectives:

Objectives To know the pests of maize crops. To know the control measures of those pests. Understand about IPM techniques. Implements of IPM techniques in maize crops. To analyse the results of IPM.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT:

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT It is defined as A pest management system associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species utilizes all suitable techniques and methods as compatible a manner as possible maintains the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury Available IPM techniques The selective use of insecticides The preservation of natural enemies The use of resistant varieties Several cultural and agronomic practices

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT cont…:

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT cont… Advantages of IPM Livelihood strengthening : increase yields and reduce labor input per kilogram of production. Livelihood diversification : opportunity to be eligible to sell organic produce at higher value than standard produce. Equipment : nil. Skills : try out on a small scale at first. Cost : reduce expenditure due to reduced pesticide inputs. Risk : small.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT cont…:

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT cont… Disadvantages of IPM Labor : significant inputs of time required to develop skills, monitor crops and set traps. Skills : extensive training and understanding of ecosystem required. Infrastructure : specialist trainer required in integrated pest management.

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Growth stages Pest Seeds Sown seeds Seedling stage Roots Stem Leaves Ants Seed corn maggot White grub Wireworm Root knot nematode Seed corn maggot White grub Wireworm Cutworm Corn flea beetle Corn leafhopper Corn stalk borer Cutworm Rice/Corn seedling maggot

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Vegetative stage Stems Leaves Reproductive stage Silk Tassel Corn ear Corn borer Corn stalk borer Aphids Armyworm Corn borer Corn stalk borer Locusts Corn borer Corn earworm Japanese beetle Spider mites Corn borer Corn earworm Spider mites Corn borer Corn earworm, Corn stalk borer

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Grain Maturation stage Corn year Grain Corn borer Corn earworm Corn stalk borer Smut Corn borer Corn earworm Corn borer Corn earworm

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METHODOLOGY

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Selection of land area In front of Department of Agriculture. Size - 2m×1.5m (3m 2 ). surrounded by Bushitao, Tomato & Okra . Preparation of land weeds, stubbles, stones, and sticks were removed. Bunds were made. three wheel barrow of cow dung - incorporate with soil. land was leveled. planting holes - 60Cm×60Cm spacing . Seed rate 20Kg/ha. 6g of maize seeds according to our land area Click here

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Seed treatment (26/11/2009) Soaked in water - 6 hours before planting - easy germination. Mixed with the Captan fungicide - prevent the soil borne pathogens . Basal application (26/11/2009 ) 15g urea, 30g TSP & 30g MOP are the recommended fertilizer for our land area. But we apply only 7.5g urea; 15g TSP & 15g MOP to reduce the vegetative growth. Planting main crop (27/11/2009) variety – Badhra Three seeds were placed in one planting hole.

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Crop management practices Irrigation From sowing to germination - 2times/day, after that 1time/day Thinning out (04/12/2009) Excess poor growth plants were removed to maintain optimum plant density Top dressing (28/12/2009) Recommendation - 30g of urea Applied - only 15g of urea to reduce the vegetative growth. Weeding Weeding was practiced once a week to maintain plot.

Insects found in our plot:

Insects found in our plot Green hopper Leaf eating caterpillar Aphids Spider Bugs

Pest management in our plot:

Pest management in our plot Pest Management Decision When we observed the insects in our plot, we have done these following activities:- Identification of the pest and beneficial organisms An understanding of the pest’s habits and seasonal development A measurement of the pest population

Pests found in our plot and control:

Pests found in our plot and control Green hopper Damages: The white color markings were found in maize leaves The plants also looked as weak. Control: Hand removal of green hopper was done in early stage & it was effectively controlled naturally by heavy rain.

2. Leaf eating caterpillar :

2. Leaf eating caterpillar Damage They fed the leaves of maize & the leaves were severely damaged. Control It was effectively controlled by hand removal

3. Aphid :

3. Aphid Damage: It was found in leaf & panicle of maize. The plant looked as very weak. Feeding by colonies of this aphid caused mottling and discoloration of the leaves.  Infested plants become covered with sweet, sticky honeydew secretions Control: We have tried to remove that by brush. But it was not effectively controlled. So we have sprayed the botanical pesticide, Garlic & tobacco extract. It repelled all the aphids from maize plant.

4. Squirrel:

4. Squirrel Damage It was fed the matured cobs of maize & reduces the yield very much. Control We have tied the video tape around our plot. Damaged cob

Beneficial insects found in our plot:

Beneficial insects found in our plot Some spiders & some bugs were found in our plot. They did not cause any damages in maize plant. So they considered as beneficial. Control measures for these insects were not undertaken.

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RESULTS & DISCUSSION

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Growth rate The growth rate of maize plants in our plot was very poor compare to the normal maize growth. We have applied basal & top dressing in half of the amount in recommendation.it was reduce the vegetative growth & the pest attack also. Yield evaluation The yield - very poor. One cob per one planting hole -totally 12 cobs Very small in length & diameter. About 1kg of seeds was got. The potential yield in 3m2 of land of Badra variety maize is 1.5 kg.

Yield evaluation…:

Yield evaluation… According to this results, economic point of view, chemically controlled plot give more yield, compare with IPM controlled plot. So income from chemical used plot is higher. Farmers also prefer this. Plot Yield (Kg) IPM plot 1 Organic plot 1.3 Inorganic plot 1.5

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Quality of product When we consider the health, our yield is better than the chemically maintained maize because we haven’t used any toxic pesticide. We have used only bio pesticide. But our yield is not suitable for marketing purpose. Because the size of the cob was very poor.

Reasons for the reduction in yield other than pest attack:

Reasons for the reduction in yield other than pest attack Low fertility level of land Over shade during its growth period. Flooding during its growth stage may leach out nutrients in land. Squirrel attack during harvesting period.

Problems:

Problems The cultivated land was not fertile one. There are lots of bricks found in that area. So the growth rate of maize was very poor. There was not enough sun light. The mango trees near that area made shade for our maize plants. Unfavorable climate- it was heavy rainy period in our cultivation time. The land was flooded. The squirrel attack was high. Due to that we found only a little amount of yield.

Suggestions:

Suggestions Change the cultivation area. Planting should be done in proper climatically time.

CONCLUSIONS :

CONCLUSIONS We have familiarized with the cultivation & integrated pest management of maize plant. We have obtained 1kg of yield from 3m 2

REFERENCE :

REFERENCE Dr.Raveendranath.S,(2003), Recent trends in pest management . www.IPMmaize\CPP04.htm Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH U.S.A.

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Thank you

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Onion Ground nut Okra Brinjal Bushitao Tomato Chilli Maize Bitter gourd PATH Click here Our plot layout