Graphic

Tarun Gupta B.Sc. Animation 9971300769: 

GRAPHICS Tarun Gupta B.Sc. Animation 9971300769

Graphics: 

Graphics (from Greek γρ αφικός graphikos ) are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas , computer screen, paper, or stone to brand , inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs , drawings , Line Art , graphs , diagrams , typography , numbers , symbols , geometric designs, maps , engineering drawings , or other images . Graphics often combine text , illustration , and color . Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style. Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight essential features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred. Graphics

History: 

History The earliest graphics known to anthropologists studying prehistoric periods are cave paintings and markings on boulders, bone, ivory, and antlers, which were created during the Upper Palaeolithic period from 40,000–10,000 B.C. or earlier. Many of these were found to record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Some of the earliest graphics and drawings known to the modern world , from almost 6,000 years ago, are that of engraved stone tablets and ceramic cylinder seals , marking the beginning of the historic periods and the keeping of records for accounting and inventory purposes. Records from Egypt predate these and papyrus was used by the Egyptians as a material on which to plan the building of pyramids ; they also used slabs of limestone and wood . From 600–250 BC, the Greeks played a major role in geometry . They used graphics to represent their mathematical theories such as the Circle Theorem and the Pythagorean theorem .

Drawing: 

Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils , pen and ink , inked brushes , wax color pencils , crayons , charcoals , pastels , and markers . Digital tools which simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching , crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling , blending, and shading. Drawing is generally considered distinct from painting , in which colored pigments are suspended in a liquid medium and are usually applied with a brush. Notable great drawers include Michelangelo , Rembrandt , Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci . Drawing

Printmaking: 

Printmaking Woodblock printing , including images is first seen in China after paper was invented (about A.D. 105). In the West the main techniques have been woodcut , engraving and etching , but there are many others.

Etching: 

Etching Etching is an intaglio method of printmaking in which the image is incised into the surface of a metal plate using an acid. The acid eats the metal, leaving behind roughened areas, or, if the surface exposed to the acid is very thin, burning a line into the plate. The use of the process in printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer (c. 1470–1536) of Augsburg , Germany , who decorated armour in this way. Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards and semiconductor devices.

Line Art: 

Line art is a rather non-specific term sometimes used for any image that consists of distinct straight and curved lines placed against a (usually plain) background, without gradations in shade (darkness) or hue ( color ) to represent two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. Line art is usually monochromatic, although lines may be of different colors. Line Art

Illustration: 

Illustration An illustration is a visual representation such as a drawing , painting , photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate a story, poem or piece of textual information (such as a newspaper article), traditionally by providing a visual representation of something described in the text. The editorial cartoon , also known as a political cartoon, is an illustration containing a political or social message. Illustrations can be used to display a wide range of subject matter and serve a variety of functions, such as:

PowerPoint Presentation: 

giving faces to characters in a story displaying a number of examples of an item described in an academic textbook (e.g. A Typology ) visualising step-wise sets of instructions in a technical manual communicating subtle thematic tone in a narrative linking brands to the ideas of human expression, individuality and creativity making a reader laugh or smile for fun (to make laugh) funny

Graphs: 

Graphs A graph or chart is a type of information graphic that represents tabular , numeric data. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the relationships between different parts of the data.

Diagrams: 

Diagrams A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, etc., used to visualize and clarify the topic.

Symbols: 

A symbol, in its basic sense, is a representation of a concept or quantity; i.e., an idea , object , concept, quality , etc. In more psychological and philosophical terms, all concepts are symbolic in nature, and representations for these concepts are simply token artifacts that are allegorical to (but do not directly codify) a symbolic meaning , or symbolism . Symbols

Photography: 

One difference between photography and other forms of graphics is that a photographer, in principle, just records a single moment in reality, with seemingly no interpretation. However, a photographer can choose the field of view and angle, and may also use other techniques, such as various lenses to distort the view or filters to change the colors. In recent times, digital photography has opened the way to an infinite number of fast, but strong, manipulations. Even in the early days of photography, there was controversy over photographs of enacted scenes that were presented as 'real life' (especially in war photography , where it can be very difficult to record the original events). Shifting the viewer's eyes ever so slightly with simple pinpricks in the negative could have a dramatic effect. Photography

Engineering drawings: 

Engineering drawings An engineering drawing is a type of drawing that is technical in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items. It is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc.

Computer graphics: 

Computer graphics There are two types of computer graphics: raster graphics , where each pixel is separately defined (as in a digital photograph), and vector graphics , where mathematical formulas are used to draw lines and shapes, which are then interpreted at the viewer's end to produce the graphic. Using vectors results in infinitely sharp graphics and often smaller files , but, when complex, vectors take time to render and may have larger file sizes than a raster equivalent.

Web graphics: 

Web graphics In the 1990s, Internet speeds increased, and Internet browsers capable of viewing images were released, the first being Mosaic . Websites began to use the GIF format to display small graphics, such as banners, advertisements and navigation buttons, on web pages. Modern web browsers can now display JPEG , PNG and increasingly, SVG images in addition to GIFs on web pages. SVG, and to some extent VML , support in some modern web browsers have made it possible to display vector graphics that are clear at any size. Plugins expand the web browser functions to display animated, interactive and 3-D graphics contained within file formats such as SWF and X3D .

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