Review

What are the three groups of mammals? Which group do primates belong to? : 

What are the three groups of mammals? Which group do primates belong to?

Slide 2: 

) Metatheria = marsupials Non Placental Can stop offspring development Most are in Australia 2) Prototheria = monotremes Platypus Echidna 3) Eutheria = Placental mammals Everything else. Humans, gorillas, cows, horse, sheep etc. Anything that gives live birth

Slide 3: 

What characteristics differentiate primates from other mammals?

Slide 4: 

Grasping hands Large Brains High degree of learned behavior

Slide 5: 

What are the two sub-orders of primates? Know the members of each suborder.

Slide 6: 

1. Strepsirines:Lemurs, lorises, galagos 2. Haplorines: tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

Slide 7: 

What is the difference between a prosimian and a strepsirrhine?

Slide 8: 

lower primates

Slide 9: 

What are the members of the haplorrhine suborder? How do they differ from strepsirrhines and each other?

Slide 10: 

More visual, less olfactory Fused mandible

Slide 11: 

What superfamily do the New World monkeys belong to?

Slide 12: 

Ceboidea

Slide 13: 

The Old World monkeys?

Slide 14: 

Cecopithecoidea

Slide 15: 

Know the different members of the Hominoids? How do they differ from the other haplorrhines?

Slide 16: 

Greater (Orangs, Chimps, Bonobos, Gorillas, Humans) & Lesser Apes (gibbons) Extend many Haplorhine traits Suspensory, rotate shoulder, brachiate

Slide 17: 

How do common chimps and bonobos differ?

Slide 18: 

Close relative of common chimpanzee Limited # (25,000) Fruit, leaves, meat Females strong bonds – dominance Large fluid social groups – Females migrate Smaller

Slide 19: 

What is territory, range and core area?

Slide 20: 

Core Areas Small area in the home range and it includes things that are essential for health and reproductive health Territories Area that you defend against other members of other species or your own species territory Home Range

Slide 21: 

Why is sociality considered the most fundamental of primate behaviors?

Slide 22: 

antipredator feeding competition is less d/t different feeding strategies or diets

Slide 23: 

What three necessities of primates are provided by their social adaptations?

Slide 24: 

Access to mates Food Avoiding predators

Slide 25: 

Be able to identify the different types of primate societies and which group belongs to which society.

Slide 26: 

Solitary Most prosimians (strepsirrhines & tarsiers) Monogamy: a) pair bond for long periods b) Gibbons c) social M is not strict reproductive M d) female reproductive strategy – territorial male tolerated e) Not as S. dimorphic Polygyny- Majority of group - ManyTypes 1)Polygynandrous - many males & females – most species 2)One-male (harem-old) - one M, many F - extra males intra group aggression & infanticide Multi-male 3) social dominance - priority of access - Significant sexual dimorphism – teeth & body size - dominance hierarchy develops -Also see aggression and infanticide 4) Fission-Fusion - most complex - temp assoc of Individuals -Come together and separate - only stable unit (bond) is mother / offspring -Male coalitions

Slide 27: 

What is infanticide?

Slide 28: 

Single Male & multi-male societies; Females remain Males disperse and form bachelor groups Take over and drive out dominant male and kill all non-weaned offspring

Slide 29: 

What are matrifocal units? What species of primates are they associated with? Why these? Intra-dominace behavioural patterns- Dominance between and with in Macaques Among most widespread Primates except man – Asia primarily, Africa

Slide 30: 

What are taphonomy?

Slide 31: 

the study of what happens to the remains of an animal from the time of death to the time of discovery

Slide 32: 

Uniformitarianism?

Slide 33: 

processes operating today are also those processes that operated in the past- can help explain the fossil and geological record

Slide 34: 

Paleontology?

Slide 35: 

the study of extinct organisms, based on their fossilized remains

Slide 36: 

Stratigraphy?

Slide 37: 

the study of the order of rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect

Slide 38: 

Principle of Faunal succession?

Slide 39: 

Successive layers of fauna are found in predictable patterns through the rock srata Olders fauna are deeper than younger fauna

Slide 40: 

Index Fossils?

Slide 41: 

fossils that can be found in specific layers that help date the strata to a certain time period, once extinct they do not reappear in higher layers

Slide 42: 

Chronometric Dating Techniques

Slide 43: 

estimate the age of an object in absolute terms through the use of a natural clock

Slide 44: 

Radioactive Dating Tech

Slide 45: 

Carbon 14 = Radiocarbon Dating 3 isotopes of Carbon Half-life of C 14 is 5,730 years Potassium-Argon Decay of K mineral to Argon gas- half life of 1.3 billion years (1960) Argon-Argon Refinement of K-Ar allowing smaller samples 2.Measurement of two gases (argon) instead of mineral (k) and gas Fission Track used on volcanic glass, tektites and zircons Uranium series Uranium 238- decays by fission – count tracks in sample

Slide 46: 

Electron Trap Techniques:

Slide 47: 

1) Thermoluminescence (TL) 2.Heating releases trapped electrons, so time of formation or heating is 0 3.Used in the Range of past 100,000 years 2) Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) 2.Dates age of burial of item 3. Similar to TL, not necessary to destroy item examined 3) Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) 1.Used on most teeth 2.Similar date ranges as Uranium series (5,000 ybp to 500,000 ybp)

Slide 48: 

What are four environmental proxies discussed in class? What are they used for?

Slide 49: 

Oxygen isotopes Paleosols & Loess Vegetation Animal Communities

Slide 50: 

When did mammals arise?

Slide 51: 

began in mesoic

Slide 52: 

What is the K-T Boundary? What effects did it have?

Slide 53: 

Separates Mesozoic from Cenozoic One of greatest mass extinctions of earth 1) >75% all species 2) All dinosaurs 3) 90% plankton

Slide 54: 

Who are the plesiadapiforms?

Slide 55: 

primate-like primitive possibly suborder of primates NA, Europe, China

Slide 56: 

When do true primates evolve?

Slide 57: 

58 mya

Slide 58: 

What are adapoids? Omomyoids?

Slide 59: 

Strepsirrhine ancestors small to medium size - quadrapeds Haplorrhine ancestors resemble modern Tarsiers

Slide 60: 

When did the different primates separate from each other genetically?

Slide 61: 

58 mya

Slide 62: 

What are the earliest apes called? Why? Which dental apes may be ancestors to later hominins?

Slide 63: 

Dental Apes Apelike teeth, monkey skeletons Proconsul

Slide 64: 

How do you differentiate between Old World monkeys and Apes?

Slide 65: 

. differ in locomotion – apes brachiate - Morotopithecus - Heavy forests in middle Miocene

Slide 66: 

Why is bipedalism considered the fundamental adaptation of humans?

Slide 67: 

was shift to upright posture

Slide 68: 

Be able to identify which areas of the body had to change and how in order for bipedalism to evolve.

Slide 69: 

Structural changes of Skull Foramen magnum – bottom of skull spine Vertebrae enlarge towards bottom of spine Pelivis Wider birth canal by widening sacrum leg Broad pelvis pushes leg to side Foot Foot is stronger and reduced fatigue

Slide 70: 

What are four of the theories for the origins of bipedalism?

Slide 71: 

Energetics Ecological Diet- Sexual selection-

Slide 72: 

What are the three theories for the development of intelligence in humans?

Slide 73: 

Primate Intelligence Technical Intelligence Ecological Intelligence

Slide 74: 

What is a hominin? How does it differ from a hominid?

Slide 75: 

the family of primates that include humans and our ancestors since diverging from the LCA with chimps about 6 MYA.

Slide 76: 

How do hominins differ from our ape cousins?

Slide 77: 

Bipedality- Fundamental difference Dental Arcade Size & Shape of teeth CP3 Complex Enamel Thickness Brain Size

Slide 78: 

Who was “Piltdown Man”? Why is he important to paleoanthropology?

Slide 79: 

1911 - Hoax 40yrs believed 1K modern human cranium w/ Orangutan Mandible good example of what “missing link” should look like

Slide 80: 

Where does most of the fossil evidence for early human evolution come from?

Slide 81: 

Great Rift Valley -Africa

Slide 82: 

What is important about the following early hominins?

Slide 83: 

Sahelanthropus tchadensis Oldest member of the hominidae so far Orrorin tugenensis 6mya Size of modern chimp Ardipithecus sps. More primitive than Australopithecus sp. Australopithecus anamensis Oldest Ape of the southern lake A. afarensis Lucy A. bahrelghazali

Slide 84: 

3.5 mya Proves hominins lived over much of African continent – possible A. afarensis Kenyanthropus platyops Flat faced – derived trait of later Homo A. garhi Associated with fossils & stone tools earliest evidence stone tools by A A. africanus Brain authority (Dart) concluded “Taung” was missing link A. or Paranthropus boisei Cranial adaptations Hard object feeding A. or P. robustus Evidence for eating animal protien Sl. Larger braincase A. or P aethiopicus Retains primitive afarensis traits – good candidate Ancestor of both robust species

Slide 85: 

What are gracile australopithecines? How are they different from robust australopithecines?

Slide 86: 

Head Sizes gracile (light bodied) and robust (heavy) forms

Slide 87: 

Who discovered the first Australopithecine? Why was it not accepted for many years as a human ancestor? Where was it discovered?

Slide 88: 

1924 Raymond Dart Piltdown Man South Africa

Slide 89: 

What was the social behavior of the Australopithecines like?

Slide 90: 

Male Philopatry Coherent foragers One male groups – sexual dimorphism Polygany?

Slide 91: 

Which australopithecines are considered possible modern human ancestors? Which ones are not? Why?

Slide 92: 

There is no consensus on who is related to whom.