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CHAPTER 2 : 

2.1 CHAPTER 2 Computer Systems

COMPUTER GENERATIONS : 

2.2 COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959

COMPUTER GENERATIONS : 

2.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

COMPUTER GENERATIONS : 

2.4 COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979

COMPUTER GENERATIONS : 

2.5 COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT *

SUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND : 

2.6 SUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE *

MAINFRAME : 

2.7 MAINFRAME LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS * MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

MINICOMPUTER : 

2.8 MINICOMPUTER MIDDLE-RANGE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME *

MICROCOMPUTER : 

2.9 DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * MICROCOMPUTER

LAPTOPS & SMALLER : 

2.10 LAPTOPS & SMALLER LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Sub-miniature, wireless computer. Growing in sophistication and connectivity *

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS : 

2.11 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS UNDERLYING STRUCTURE INPUT/OUTPUT BITS & CODING SCHEMES ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT *

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) : 

2.12 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CONTROL UNIT

BUSES : 

2.13 BUSES DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS

TYPES OF MEMORY : 

2.14 TYPES OF MEMORY RAM : Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable *

INPUT/OUTPUT : 

2.15 INPUT/OUTPUT TERMINAL POINT-OF-SALES TERMINALS AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES PUNCHED CARDS MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Used by banks to process checks *

INPUT/OUTPUT : 

2.16 INPUT/OUTPUT OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION: Scanned material translated into computer characters IMAGING: Forms, documents, photos digitized for computer use BAR CODE LABEL: Product label information read into computer. Can be used to track inventory *

INPUT/OUTPUT : 

2.17 INPUT/OUTPUT COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM): Computer rapidly generates microfilm documents for archive copies in small space VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: Computer recognizes, generates verbal messages MULTIMEDIA: Combines text, graphics, sound still images, animations, video *

HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN COMPUTER MEMORY : 

2.18 BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN COMPUTER MEMORY

EXAMPLES OF BYTES : 

2.19 EXAMPLES OF BYTES C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system)

ALU & CONTROL UNIT : 

2.20 ALU & CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system *

COMPUTER FILES : 

2.21 COMPUTER FILES RECORD: Data about a transaction arranged in a set of FIELDS, each holding a datum FILE: A group of similar records, such as accounts receivable or payroll DATABASE: The files of an organization, an electronic library *

COMPUTER FILES : 

2.22 COMPUTER FILES SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: A sequence of files arranged in order, say alphabetically. Usually stored on magnetic tape or cartridge DIRECT ACCESS: Records stored on a DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE (DASD). Can move directly to any record *

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE : 

2.23 DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC *

DISK PACK STORAGE : 

2.24 DISK PACK STORAGE LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES

THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT : 

2.25 THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM PROGRAM: A set of instructions telling the computer what to do INSTRUCTION: Individual step or operation in a program MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated instruction understood by particular model of computer *

CONTROLLER : 

2.26 CONTROLLER LINK FOR INPUT/OUTPUT OR FILE DEVICES: To CPU and memory of large computer systems HIGHLY SPECIALIZED PROCESSOR: Manages the operation of attached devices to free the CPU from these tasks *

DATA CHANNEL : 

2.27 DATA CHANNEL SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR (A COMPUTER): Takes over function of device communication from the CPU CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH BETWEEN SLOW PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND VERY FAST CPU *

SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR : 

2.28 SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR PROCESSORS (CPUs) ARE IDENTICAL, WITH EACH PROCESSOR OPERATING INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERS USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND SOME MIDRANGE MACHINES *

PARALLEL PROCESSOR (PP) : 

2.29 PARALLEL PROCESSOR (PP) MULTIPLE CPUs INSTALLED AS PART OF A SINGLE COMPUTER SYSTEM: Gives separate piece of program to each of the processors so that work on the program can proceed in parallel on the separate pieces *

MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR (MPP) : 

2.30 MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR (MPP) PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER WITH MANY PARALLEL PROCESSORS: 32 OR MORE: Different CPUs capable of performing different instructions at the same time 1000 OR MORE: CPUs must all carry out the same instruction at the same time *

CHAPTER 2 : 

2.31 CHAPTER 2 Computer Systems