SUMANT (EAST INDIA COMPANY)

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EAST INDIA COMPANY

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GRADE -VIII

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The British East India Company From around 1600AD the British East India Company (EIC) started trading with India in goods such as spices, silk and tea. By 1700 the EIC had set-up three trading posts, in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta…….

PreviewStarting Points Map: European ImperialismMain Idea / Reading FocusSetting the StageQuick Facts: Forms of ImperialismBritish East India CompanyMap: The British in IndiaIndia as a British Colony : 

PreviewStarting Points Map: European ImperialismMain Idea / Reading FocusSetting the StageQuick Facts: Forms of ImperialismBritish East India CompanyMap: The British in IndiaIndia as a British Colony The British in India

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starting point

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The British in India Main Idea One of the first examples of European imperialism in Asia, the British rule over India changed Indian politics, economics, and society and led to the rise of Indian nationalism. Reading Focus What changes set the stage for European imperialism in Asia and Africa? What role did the British East India Company play in British imperialism in India? What was life like in India when it became a British colony?

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Arrival of British in India, example of European imperialism, the process of one people ruling, controlling another By 1700, Spain, Great Britain, France, Portugal ruled vast territories in the Americas Europeans had less success ruling territory in Asia, Africa Imperialism Europeans had built trading posts along Asian, African coats, but held little territory farther inland By late 1700s, European states began expanding power in Asia, Africa Two factors that made possible: new technologies, weakening of great empires of Asia, Africa Expanding Power setting the stage

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New Technologies Advances in technology gave Europeans huge military advantage Steam-powered gunboats could attack even inland targets Repeating rifles, machine guns, exploding shells made European armies more lethal than ever Asian, African weapon makers could not match technologies Weakening Empire Great empires of Asia, Africa weakening; Europeans took advantage India’s Mughal Empire took deep decline after 1707 Ottoman Empire lost strength, had weak grasp on North African provinces throughout 1700s China’s Qing dynasty faced rebellions; by late 1700s European armies faced limited resistance as they claimed new territories

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ANSWER: Europeans had an advantage in the quality of their weapons and military training, and took advantage of the decline of the great empires in Asia and Africa. Why did European power begin to expand in the late 1700s? Summarize

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East India Company activity limited to coastal trading cities while Mug Hal Empire strong Mid-1700s, when empire broke apart into small states, East India Company leaders saw chance to take over Indian lands The British Take Control Manipulated rulers of states, suggested each needed British support to keep throne Played rulers against each other, kept India in chaos Company’s army took over much of India, claiming it had to restore order Kept India in Chaos Early British imperialism in India was carried out by the British East India Trading Company. It soon became embroiled in Indian politics. British East India Company

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Changes in India Destroying Society British also invited Christian missionaries to spread beliefs Some began to believe British trying to destroy their society Straining Relations Thought British wanted to eliminate Indian customs, Hinduism completely Relations between Indians, British increasingly strained Banning Customs Introduced British laws banning certain customs, like sati Practice of Hindu widows throwing selves on husbands’ funeral fires Making Changes East India Company made changes to Indian society Introduced new education system, English language

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Sepals in Merits refused to use cartridges; thought it plot to make them abandon Hinduism, Islam Sepals punished for protesting In response, northern Indian sepals rose up against British Eventually gained control of Delhi Protest and Punishment Violence of rebellion ferocious Both sides committed atrocities Sepoys killed British officers, as well as wives, children Captured mutineers strapped to cannons and shot; villages burned Fighting continued two years Violence and Atrocities 1857, strained relations exploded into rebellion, the Savoy Mutiny Sepals were Indian soldiers who fought in British army Introduction of new type British rifle set off rebellion To load rifle, soldier had to bite off end of ammunition cartridge greased with pork, beef fat; offended Muslim, Hindu sepals Muslims did not eat pork; Hindus did not eat beef The Savoy Mutiny

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British ended the rule of East government ruled India directly India Company in 1858 as result of mutiny. British British moved away from some social regulations that angered many Indians Distrust still continued between British, Indians Results of Mutiny

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Answer (s): As the Maugham Empire weakened, the British were able to take control of more land in India. How did the decline of the Mug Hal Empire contribute to the rise of British power in India? Identify Cause and Effect

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Era of British rule in India often called British Raja, Hindi word meaning “rule” Administration carried out by government agency, Indian Civil Service (ICS) The Raja Though ruling India, most ICS officials British ICS employed very few Indians Many educated Indians frustrated at having no say in own government ICS Many British thought they were superior Segregated neighborhoods; exclusive clubs Westernized Indians Prejudiced, thought Indians incapable of governing selves Westernization Colony of colony—the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire, with political and financial rewards, national pride For Indians, British rule source of frustration and humiliation Frustration gave rise to powerful feelings of nationalism India as a British Colony

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During Raja, British built railroads, roads, canals in India By 1910, India had fourth-largest railroad network in world British invested in transportation to move troops; help sell British products Raja Impact Raja Commerce India important market for British manufactured goods Also source of raw materials like cotton, tea, indigo, jute Taxes from Indian landowners paid for administration of India, Indian army Raja Building Projects During Raja, British built railroads, roads, canals in India By 1910, India had fourth-largest railroad network in world British invested in transportation to move troops; help sell British products Life under the British Raj

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Groups in India found British rule deeply disturbing Indian elites and middle classes lacked opportunities Indians had little power to influence decisions at higher levels of government Nationalist Movement Nationalist movement did not take off until Indians saw themselves as having same rights as Europeans Idea first expressed by reformer Ram Mohun Roy, 1820s Felt British violating Indian’s rights, including free speech, religion Activating Movement Roy wrote texts, opened schools to spread nationalist ideas Despite his efforts, took several decades for movement to activate 1885, Indian National Congress, first nationalist group, founded by English-speaking Indians Initial requests of the Congress to British were modest, such as more positions for Indians in the ICS, and better representation on government councils. The Rise of Indian Nationalism

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Consequences British convinced to make concessions to Indian people 1906 Muslim League formed to protect interests of Indian Muslims Indian National Congress and Muslim League led in fight for independence Radicals Radicals in Congress called for boycott of British goods; lasted three years Participants vowed to wear only Indian-made garments, burned British cloth Some militants attacked British officials, were punished Bengal Nationalism turned radical when British announced plans to partition Bengal Officials claimed breaking into two provinces would make easier to govern Nationalists thought partition attempt to break up Bengal’s Hindu population INDIA AS A BRITISH COLONY

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Answer (s): They thought the partition was intended to weaken the Hindu population. Why did Indian nationalists respond to the plan to partition Bengal with a boycott of British goods? INFER

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1857-58 The 1857-58 Indian Mutiny/The War of Independence The pay of Indian soldiers (sepals) - who were working for the EIC army - was cut There were rumors that the sepals would have to convert from Hinduism or Islam to Christianity Near Delhi some sepals murdered their British officers and a revolt started against the British across India Many 100’s of British men, women and children were butchered - Cawnpore saw terrible atrocities Then the British got their revenge……..

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What problems did the EIC face?

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1700-1750: Problems The British EIC had Bombay, Calcutta and Madras and at first the British did not want more land. But then war broke out between rival Indian princes, and the French interfere – making the Indians trade with France (and not Britain). The EIC would be forced out of India, unless something changed……

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Robert Clive Conquers India Robert Clive worked in an office for the EIC but he was getting bored The EIC’s force of armed guards was growing into an army; Clive joined them as an officer In 1751 Clive led 500 men against 10,000 French and Indian soldiers and won!

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Clive led the EIC ’s army to victory many more times, forcing the French out and making the East India Company very powerful – it wasn’t the British government taking over India – it was a British business!

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From about 1800AD British Christians tried to change Indian customs The Hindu practice Sati is believed to have originated some 700 years ago in India. Women burnt themselves after their men were defeated in battles to avoid being taken by the victors. But it came to be seen as a measure of wifely devotion in later years and sometimes relatives would tie-up the wife, forcing her to die. The custom was outlawed by India's British rulers in 1829 following demands by Indian reformers. But many Indians were against change – especially when forced by the British. Today it happens only once every few years – and causes outrage across India and the world.

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At Caw pore the British made anyone suspected of being a rebel lick the ground where the British had been butchered Other rebels were tied to the mouths of cannons and blown to pieces 1000’s died from both sides, and the relationships between the British and the Indians would never be the same again…..

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The ‘British Raja’, 1858-1947 In 1858 in response to the rebellion, the British Government abolished the East India Company and declared that India would be ruled directly by the British Government The army brought more British officers to India to prevent anymore rebellions This British ‘raj’, meaning ‘rule’, would continue until a man called Gandhi led India to independence….you’ll find out about him in the Year 8 ‘Human Rights, Human Wrongs’ topic…..