Inclusion of automation and error control in networking

Inclusion of automation and reliability in networking:

Inclusion of automation and reliability in networking Created by: Suman Chatterjee Approved by Wikipedia and www.authorstream.com

Brief conception on IP (Boss of networking):

Brief conception on IP (Boss of networking) As we all know that IP(Internet Protocol) has been created to give every client a unique identification globally. No two client/hosts have the same IP address in the whole world. We are all aware with the fact that IP is an unreliable protocol, this is because of the fact that it doesn’t keep track of the packets that are sent in the networking medium. It also doesn’t guarantees the successful transmission of a IP packet to its destination.

Solutions to minimize the unreliability Of IP:

Solutions to minimize the unreliability Of IP Due to the unreliability of IP, Several supporting protocols have been evolved to give the IP packets a sufficient amount of reliability during their transmission. Out of these supporting protocols, ICMP was the most efficient protocol which has given the IP packets an optimum amount of reliability during its transmission through the networking medium.

Evolution of ICMP:

Evolution of ICMP ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It has got two sections: 1) Error handling section 2) Query handling section. In the Error handling section, it checks whether an IP packets has any errors or not. Errors may be Hardware oriented, Software oriented or Packet oriented. In the Query handling section, it checks the existence of a network/hosts. Generally this section is handled by the network administrators. It is used to diagnose network problems. Error handling section can be broadly categorized into five types: 1) Destination unreachable 2)Time exceeded 3)Source quench(Gives Flow control to the IP packets) 4)Redirection(Dynamically updates a client’s routing table) 5)Parameter Problem The Query handling section consists of Five parts: 1)Echo request or Echo reply(Use of PING and TRACERT commands) 2)Router advertisement/solicitation 3)Address mask request/Reply 4)Timestamp request/Reply(For synchronizing between two hosts)

Inclusion of Automation in Networking:

Inclusion of Automation in Networking In this era of high speed and automation, the concept of static and manual handling of a networking system has becoming almost extinct. Nowadays, the routers updates its routing table dynamically(i.e. automatically). Similarly the NIC(Network Interface Card) of a host’s PC automatically searches for it’s IP address. The protocol that is being followed by the NIC are BOOTP and DHCP.

Extinction of BOOTP and Evolution of DHCP:

Extinction of BOOTP and Evolution of DHCP BOOTP and DHCP both are used to obtain the IP address of a host automatically. But, BOOTP is a static procedure, i.e. It has a table, in which the IP address of a corresponding Physical address of a machine is stored. And when the host request for it’s IP address from the BOOTP server, it first checks the table, and if the physical address is found it gives the adjacent IP address to the machine. But the major problem using BOOTP is that, it is Physical address dependent protocol, i.e. If the physical address of a machine is changed (e.g. By changing the NIC of a machine, moving the machine into a new network etc.) then BOOTP is unable to give the IP address. It then have to be manually updated by the network administrator, which is a tiresome job. That’s why a new protocol has came into existence, which dynamically updates it’s table and thus is considered as automatic in nature, as frequent up gradation is not required in this protocol. Nowadays, DHCP supported NIC’s are widely used.

DHCP:

DHCP Dynamic host configuration protocol(DHCP) is a popular protocol that is used to obtain the IP address of a host. DHCP works in six states: 1) Initializing state 2) Selecting state 3) Request state 4) Bound state 5) Renewing state 6) Rebinding state DHCP has got six Options too, which are used in client-server communication to obtain the desired IP: 1) DHCP DISCOVER 2) DHCP OFFER 3) DHCP ACK 4) DHCP NACK 5) DHCP RELEASE 6) DHCP REQUEST

I am thankful to: :

I am thankful to: Prof. Hirak Maity, for giving us an opportunity to share our knowledge on various popular topics amongst each other. Prof. Ranjan Maity, for building my interest and attention towards these interesting subject. For enhancing my concepts on various topics related to this subject. Prasenjit Chakraborty and Avishek Porel(my room-mates), for standing beside me in my stressful situations, for assisting me to recover myself from an unforgettable accident that took place last month.

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