Sounds in Combination : Sandhi variation : Sounds in Combination : Sandhi variation assimilation, elision, catenation, intrusion, yod coalescence stress, rhythm, weak forms, vowel reduction


The Rhythm of English: The Rhythm of English One two three four One and two and three and four A one and a two and a three and a four A one and then a two and then a three and then a four


The Rhythm of English: The Rhythm of English Stress timed languages : eg - English, Arabic, Russian, German, Dutch, Danish Syllable timed languages : eg - Finnish, Slovene, French, Italian, Spanish


Catenation : CV linking: Catenation : CV linking Put a red apron on. …… find Alan


Liaison : Intrusive Consonants: Liaison : Intrusive Consonants We all saw Ann do it. j r w … here in … r


Vowel reduction: Vowel reduction He was supposed to be in America /hi/ /h? / /w?z/ /w?z / /tu/ /t?/ /bi/ /b?/ Other examples /a?/ /?/ /kæn/ /k?n/


Consonant reduction - and A word on the glottal stop …: Consonant reduction - and A word on the glottal stop … fortnight /f??na?? / … put the .. /p?? ð?/ “A common type of consonant lenition is the reduction of oral stops to glottal stop … Since glottal stops require no oral articulation, the tongue is free, during the articulation of the glottal stop, to assume it’s position for the following segment, and this means a saving of articualtory time and effort.” Carr, English Phonetics and Phonology, Blackwell


Consonant reduction – or assimilation of manner?: Consonant reduction – or assimilation of manner? Use of flap to replace /t/ or /d/ between two vowels : caught out /k?:? a?t/ butter /b???/


Elision: Elision A sound is dropped supposed /s?p??zd/ /sp??zd/ interesting /?nt?rest??/ /?ntrest??/ first place /f?st ple?s/ /f?s ple?s/


More examples of elision: More examples of elision aspects /æspeks/ stand still /stæn st?l/ loudspeaker /la?spik?/ of course /?k?s/ also /?s??/ after all /?ftr?l/ going to /g?n?/ Examples taken from : Brown, Listening to Spoken English, Longman


Gemination: Gemination lamp post /læmp??st/ cupboard door /k?b?d?/ right turn /ra?t?n/ black cat /blækæt/


Putting it together so far …: He should not have been here in the first place /hi ??d n?t hæv bin h?? ?n ð? f?st ple?s/ /? ??n? b?n??r?n ð? f?s ple?s/ Putting it together so far …


Epenthesis: Epenthesis Adding a sound - eg warmth hamster length /w?mp?/ /hæmpst?/ /le?k?/ wanted catches - ???? /w?nt?d/ /kæt??z/


Assimilation: Assimilation A change in the quality of the sound – voice, manner or place Assimilation of voice : /hæv tu/ /hæf tu/ /p?t ? / / p?d ?/ /s?p??zd tu / /sp??st tu / /sp??s tu / Assimilation of place : /blæk bæg / /blæp bæg/ /k?n p?t/ /k?m p?t/


Assimilation …: Assimilation … Assimilation of manner – rare in English Nasalisation of vowels before nasal consonants : eg sang Use of flap to replace /t/ or /d/ between two vowels : caught out /k?:? a?t/ butter /b???/


More examples of assimilationof voice: More examples of assimilation of voice Plural morpheme : cats /kæts/ dogs /d?gz/ - ed morpheme : laughed /l?ft/ raved /re?vd/


More examples of assimilationof place: More examples of assimilation of place Great Britain /gre?p br?t?n/ banned for life /bæmb f? la?f/ hundred pounds /h?ndr?b p??ndz/ won’t go /w???k g??/ this year /ð??j??/ Examples from Brown, op cit.


Assimilation may be ….: Assimilation may be …. Regressive - the first sound is affected, eg /gre?p br?t?n/ In English assimilation of place is always regressive. Progressive – the second sound is affected, eg some assimilation of voice /kæts/ /d?gz/ but not /k?:d a?t/


Yod Coalescence: Yod Coalescence What you /w?t ju/ /w??u/ /w???/ /t/ + /j/ /?/ Did you /d?d ju/ /d??u/ /d???/ /d/ + /j/ /?/ Do you /du ju/ /d? j?/ /?u/ /??/


Putting it all together …: Putting it all together … Put a red apron on /p?d? rede?pr?n?n/ We all saw Ann do it /w?j?s?rænduw?? / He should not have been here in the first place /?s?n?b?n??r?nð?f?sple?s/ I have to find Alan /? hæft? fa?ndæl?n/ He was supposed to be in America /? w?z sp??st? bij?n ?mer?k?/ You can put the black bag away /j? kn p?? ð? blæp bæg ?we?/ What you said was interesting /w??u se? w?z?ntrest??/ How did you know? /ha? d??? n??/


Degrees of reduction ….: Degrees of reduction …. He should not have been here in the first place /h? ??d?nt?v b?n h?? ?n ð? f?:s ple?s/ /h? ??dn?v b?n h??r?n ð? f?:s ple?s/ /? ??dn? b?n??r?n ð? f?:s ple?s/ /?s?n?b?n??r?nð?f?:sple?s/


Juncture: Juncture /a?skrim/ /wa??uz/


To conclude – a note on terminology: To conclude – a note on terminology Catenation and liaison - linking Elision Sandhi variations