Lexical Relationships Part Two

Lexical Relationships: 

Lexical Relationships Analysing Lexical Items Part Two

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words - homographs, homonyms, homophones, polysemes: 

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words - homographs, homonyms, homophones, polysemes We left at ten. Turn left at the lights. Homonyms It’s as heavy as lead! Lead the way! Homographs I’m doing a project on whales. I’m doing a project on Wales. Homophones My foot hurts. We stopped at the foot of the mountain. Polysemes

Componential Analysis: 

Componential Analysis Semantic compatibility: The old man read the notice. The old colt read the notice.

Componential Analysis: 

Componential Analysis

Componential Analysis: 

Componential Analysis The ball pierced the window He strolled quickly across the road

Some learner errors …: 

Some learner errors … Analyse the following errors There was a high difference in our results He made a slight crime. Thank you – you rescued my life!

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words – Collocation: 

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words – Collocation Match the following : High problem Big likelihood Wide regret Deep difference Take a meeting Make a profit Have a shower Do the shopping

Collocation or not?: 

Collocation or not? *A tall noise A new noise A loud noise *A quiet noise A low noise *A high noise

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words – Colligation: 

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words – Colligation How are you? Are you fine?/Yes, I’m well. How are you? Are you well?/Yes, I’m fine. It’s not surprising / It’s not amazing I have many friends. Many people believe that … Colligation : the preference words have to co-occur (or not) with certain grammatical or syntactic patterns

Analysing lexical items: Lexical chunks - Fixed phrases: 

Analysing lexical items: Lexical chunks - Fixed phrases A thing of the past And another thing They don’t make them like that any more Let’s face it I guessed as much First of all You must be joking It’s been nice talking to you That reminds me

Analysing lexical items: Lexical chunks - Idioms: 

Analysing lexical items: Lexical chunks - Idioms To sit on the fence To bite the dust To be out on a limb To kick the bucket To take it easy To see the light “An expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separate parts” Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics

Analysing lexical items: Metaphor: 

Analysing lexical items: Metaphor She pounced on me as I came out of the office The opposition attacked the government’s policy on education His popularity is waning

Analysing lexical items: Multiword units – Binomials and Trinomials: 

Analysing lexical items: Multiword units – Binomials and Trinomials Wine and dine Cool, calm and collected Back to front Hook, line and sinker Fish and chips Ready, willing and able Ladies and gentlemen Lock, stock and barrel Back and forth Sick and tired Now and then We searched high and low

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words – Compound words: 

Analysing lexical items: Relationships between words – Compound words Noun-noun : football Adjective-noun : whiteboard Verb-noun : breakwater Preposition-noun : underworld Noun-adj. : snowwhite Noun- verb : browbeat Adj.- adj. : blue-green Verb-adjective : tumbledown Prep.- adj: over-ripe Adjective-verb : highlight Verb- verb: freeze-dry Preposition- verb : undercut Noun-prep: love-in Prep.- verb : on-going Verb-prep: takeout …. and yet more

Compound words: 

Compound words Make these compound nouns plural … passer-by check-up manservant How do you know if I’m talking about … a blackbird a black bird How transparent are compounds? What’s the meaning of … a whiteboard a redhead browbeat

Students’ Errors (??): 

Students’ Errors (??) I hate the uncertainness of not knowing. / We are expecting approvation for the project next week. We didn’t go because John was disagreeable to the project. / I think you work very hardly. We were highly happy with the result. / I like my coffee mild. How are you? Are you fine? / I have many friends. I’m extremely freezing. / I’m absolutely cold. The ball pierced the window. / He strolled quickly across the road. Do you wish for an ice-cream? / (In a written report) : The meeting kicked off at ten. She took the subway from Canary Wharf to Oxford Circus. I’ve got a spare wheel round my stomach. / Not in a month of Saturdays. Have you got a fork and knife? / I’ve got a white and black cat. The Buddha was illuminated. / We checked all the CVs to make sure the candidates had the right titles.