logging in or signing up computer software studentApril2 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 440 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: August 22, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: ivanjojo (12 month(s) ago) please send to my email add: ivanhoe.martin@yahoo.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: ignou (14 month(s) ago) Your preentations is excellent. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: jamalrehawi (15 month(s) ago) nice Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sriforever (16 month(s) ago) Hi! kindly send me the download link Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: chiragbahukhandi (19 month(s) ago) Hi! kindly send me the download links as i found this presentation soo rich in knowledge.my mail id is:er.chiragbahukhandi@yahoo.in;aerolite4u@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Software : Software Software : 2 Software A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. The term software refers to a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. These instruction sets, also called programs, provide the means for us to interact with and use the computer. Two main types of software System software Application software System Software Application Software System Software vs. Application Software : System Software vs. Application Software System Software System software helps run the computer and coordinates instructions between application software and the computer’s hardware devices. Coordinates instructions between software and hardware Includes Operating system Utility programs Application Software Programs used to complete tasks for a User. Includes Productivity software Specialty software Entertainment software Educational and reference software Personal software Slide 4: An instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the computer for operation of computer system as a whole. When we switch on the computer the programs stored or written in ROM is executed which activates different units of a computer and makes it ready for work on it. This set of program can be called System Software. Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more programs designed to control the operations of computer system. System Software are general purpose programs designed for performing tasks such as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the computer. It communicates with keyboard, printer, card reader, disk, tapes etc. It also monitors the use of various hardware like memory, CPU etc. System software acts as an interface between hardware and application software. System software allows application packages to be run on the computer with less time and effort. Remember that it is not possible to run application software without system software. System Software Slide 5: Application software is a set of programs, which are written to perform specific tasks of the users of computers such as Accounts, Stores, Payroll, etc. These software are developed in high level language to help the user to get the computer perform the tasks. For example, you can develop a package to print mark sheet of every student of your class or generate accounts of a company, etc. Application software can be classified into two types: (a) Customized Packages (b) Generalized Packages. Customized Packages: These are developed especially for the user by a program using high-level computer languages. For example, when you develop a package to prepare a status report of your school i.e., name of the students, their addresses, Parent’s name, Fee paid, marks obtained, etc., you are developing a customized package because the package developed for your school may not be of any use for other school. Application Software Generalized Package: These packages are written for the people who have to perform common task on a computer system. DBase, Lotus 1-2-3, FoxPro, MS Office, etc. are the names of the Generalized Packages. Any person can use these packages because they can be used for different application and purposes. These are meant for mass consumption. Application Software : 6 Application Software Productivity Software : Productivity Software Word-processing programs Spreadsheet programs Presentation programs Database programs Personal information manager programs Programs that enable to perform tasks required in home, school, and business Word processing and Desktop publishing : Word processing and Desktop publishing Word processing Create, edit, revise and print documents E.g., Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro and Corel WordPerfect Desktop Publishing Produce printed materials that look professionally published E.g., Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher and QuarkXPress Electronic Spreadsheets and Presentation Graphics : Electronic Spreadsheets and Presentation Graphics Electronic Spreadsheets Worksheet of rows and columns Used for calculations and charts E.g., Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel, Corel QuattroPro Presentation Graphics Convert numeric data into graphics displays Prepare multimedia presentations including graphics, photos, animation, and video clips E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance, Corel Presentations Operating System : Operating System Integrated system of programs that Manages the operations of the CPU Controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system Provides support services as computer executes applications programs Slide 11: 11 What is booting? Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered off Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on Warm boot from Windows desktop Warm boot from system unit Process of starting or restarting a computer Slide 12: 12 What messages display on the screen when you boot the computer? Operating System basic functions : Operating System basic functions User Interface : User Interface Part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it Three main types: Command-driven Menu-driven Graphical user interfaces (GUI) Resource management : Resource management Part of operating system that manages the hardware and networking resources of a computer system Includes CPU, memory, secondary storage device, telecommunications, and input/output peripherals. File management : File management Part of the operating system that controls the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs Task Management : Task Management Part of the operating system that manages the accomplishment of computing tasks of the end users Multitasking Task management approach that allows for several tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion Assigns only one task to CPU but switches between tasks so quickly looks like executing all programs at once Also called multiprogramming or time-sharing. Popular Operating Systems : Popular Operating Systems Windows GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia Microsoft’s operating system Different versions manage servers Unix Multitasking, multiuser, network-managing Portable – can run on mainframes, midrange and PCs Linux Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like operating system Open-source MAC OS X Apple operating system for the iMac GUI, multitasking, multimedia Other types of system software : Other types of system software Other system software : Other system software Utilities Miscellaneous housekeeping functions Example, Norton utilities includes data backup, virus protection, data compression, etc. Performance monitors Programs that monitor and adjust computer system to keep them running efficiently Security monitors Programs that monitor and control use of computer systems to prevent unauthorized use of resources Utility Programs : 21 Utility Programs System software that performs maintenance-type tasks Utility Programs : 22 Utility Programs What is a disk scanner? Detects and corrects problems on hard disk or floppy disk Searches for and removes unnecessary files What is a backup utility? Copies selected files or entire hard disk onto another disk or tape compress files during backup to require less storage space Utility Programs : 23 Utility Programs What is a disk defragmenter? Reorganizes files and unused space on hard disk so programs run faster Utility Programs : 24 Utility Programs What is a screen saver? Causes monitor’s screen to display moving image or blank screen if there is no activity for a specified time To secure computer, user configures screen saver to require password to deactivate Stand-Alone Utility Programs : 25 Stand-Alone Utility Programs What is a virus? Potentially damaging computer program Affects computer without user’s knowledge Utility Programs : 26 Utility Programs What is an antivirus program? Identifies and removes viruses in memory, storage media, and incoming files Must be updated frequently Programming Languages : Programming Languages The term language, is a system of communication between two persons. Some of the basic natural languages that we are familiar with are English, Hindi, Oriya, etc. These are the languages used to communicate among various categories of persons. But how will communicate with your computer. A computer will not understand any of these natural languages for transfer of data and instruction. So there are computer-programming languages specially developed so that we could pass our data and instructions to the computer to do specific job. So instructions for performing a task are written in a particular computer programming language based on the type of job. As an example, for scientific application FORTRAN and C languages are used. On the other hand, COBOL is used mainly for business application. Types of Programming Languages : Types of Programming Languages There are two major types of programming languages. These are Low Level Languages and High Level Languages. Low Level languages are further divided into Machine language and Assembly language. Machine Language: Machine Language is the language of the computer and is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1’s and 0’s. It is on this basis that the computer is designed. When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes and converts it in to electrical signals needed to run it. For example, a program instruction may look like this: 1011000111101 It is not an easy language for us to learn because of its complexity as it consists of 1's and 0's. It is most efficient for the computer as the instructions are directly executed. It is considered to the first generation language. It is also difficult to debug the program written in this language. Slide 29: Advantage The only advantage is that program of machine language run very fast because no translation program is required for the CPU. Disadvantages It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know details of hardware to write program. Machine language is hardware dependent. The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program, which results in program errors. It is difficult to debug the program. Assembly Language : Assembly Language It is the first step to improve the programming structure. In this language, the machine codes comprising of 1's and 0's are substituted by symbolic codes (called mnemonic codes)to improve their understanding. The set of symbols and letters forms the assembly language and a translator program (called Assembler) is required to translate the programs written in assembly language into machine language for execution by the computer. It is considered to be a second-generation language. Slide 31: Advantages: The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer. It is relatively easier to correct errors and modify program instructions. Assembly Language has almost the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language because this is one-to-one translator between assembly language program and its corresponding machine language program. Disadvantages: One of the major disadvantage is that assembly language is machine dependent. A program written for one computer might not run on other computers with different hardware configuration. High Level Languages : High Level Languages The assembly language and machine language require extensive knowledge of computer hardware. To overcome this limitation, a user writes the instructions in English like sentences to perform the logic of the problem irrespective of the type of computer we are using. The language used for this is referred to as high-level language. High-level languages are simple language that use English and mathematical symbols like +, -, %, /, etc. for its program construction. Any higher-level language has to be converted to machine language for the computer to understand. Higher-level languages are problem-oriented languages because the instructions are suitable for solving a particular problem. For example COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is mostly suitable for business oriented language where there is very little processing and huge output. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instructions Code) where very large processing is required. Thus a problem-oriented language is designed in such a way that its instruction may be written more like the language of the problem. For example, businessmen use business term and scientists use scientific terms in their respective languages. Object-Oriented Languages : Object-Oriented Languages Combine data elements and the procedures that will be performed upon them into Objects E.g., an object could be data about a bank account and the procedures performed on it such as interest calculations Object-Oriented Languages : Object-Oriented Languages Most widely used software development languages today Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-oriented user interfaces Reusable: can use an object from one application in another application E.g., Visual Basic, C++, Java Web Languages : Web Languages HTML A page description language that creates hypertext documents for the Web XML Describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents Java Object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent Java applets can be executed on any computer Language Translator Programs : Language Translator Programs Translate instructions written in programming languages into machine language Slide 37: Assembler: Definition Translating source code written in assembly language to object code. Assigning machine address to symbolic labels. COMPILER : COMPILER It is a program that translates the instructions of higher-level languages to machine language. It is called compiler because it compiles every program instruction given in higher-level languages into machine language. Thus compiler is a program translator like assembler but more sophisticated. It scans the entire program first and then translates it into machine code. The program written by the programmer in higher-level language is called source program. After this program is converted to machine language by the compiler it is called object program. Interpreter : Interpreter An interpreter is another type of program translator used for translating higher-level language instructions into machine language instructions. It takes one statement of higher-level language at a time, translates it into machine language and executes it immediately. Translation and execution are carried out for each statement. It differs from compiler, which translate the entire source program into machine code and then involve in its execution. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages BASIC Language: Beginners All Purpose Symblic Instruction Code. This language is easy to learn for beginners. Mostly it is used for scientific or Mathematical Operation. Nowadays used for Business Application. It uses Interpreter to translate line by line program code into machine code. Invented by J. G. Kemony and T. E. Kurts. In 1964, it was used for the first time. The Latest and advanced of BASIC is called GWBASIC. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages Fortran Language: It is called Formula Translation Language. While using this language, the user has to use every symbol like comma, full stop, parentheses, etc. Version Fortran II, Fortran III, Fortran IV. It is used in Engineering and Scientific calculations. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages COBOL Language: Common Business Oriented Language. It is a High Level Language. It is used to solve the Business problems. Cobol is a File Oriented Language. Cobol is similar to English Langauage. It is used in various institutions like Banks, Insurance, Manufacturing Industries, Public Utilities, and other Business establishments. Versions : MF COBOL, RM COBOL, MS COBOL, CICS COBOL Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages PASCAL Language: It was developed for the purpose of teaching and constructing Compilers and Interpreters. It was derived from ALGOL-60. This language was named after Blaize Pascal, the great French Mathematician. It was developed ny Niklaus, in 1970’s Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages C Language: This language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, Bell laboratories in America. This language links High Level Language with Assembly Language and makes the functions easier. This language is very powerful for Commercial as well as Scientific applications. Versions : Borland C, Turbo C. C++ is an extension of C language. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages JAVA Language: The JAVA language is a simple, object oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure architecture neutral, portable, etc. It’s popularity is due to the Web application. It is Developed at SUN laboratory. JAVA is a Object Oriented Language. It is designed for programming on the Internet. JAVA’s actual power comes from a new sort of portability known as cross-platform portability, means moving a program from Windows to Macintosh or UNIX Platform. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages Features of BASIC: It is very easy language to learn. It has very easy language words like INPUT, LET, GOTO, PRINT, etc. It provides debugging facility. Facilities for ariyhmatical calculations. It is ideal to Time Sharing Systems. Graphic Designs is also possible. BASIC can run different computers as well. File Organisation is also possible. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages Features of COBOL: It is very easy to read and understand. It is Business Oriented Language. It can process alphabets as well as words. Disadvantages of COBOL: It requires a huge code for writing a program for a any simple problem. Complex calculations are difficult to be performed. Very little Library or in-built functions are available. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages Features of C: It is general purpose programming language. It supports large library an din-built functions in the form of header files. It is suitable for business, scientific and engineering purposes. It supports a variety of data types. C is highly flexible and versitile language. Disadvantages of C: It is not so simple as BASIC language. It uses complex types of operators. Readibility is not easy to understand the program code. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages COMPARISON Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages Visual C++ Language: It is base on GUI based language, the programming for windows. Visual C++ is a part of Microsoft Visual Studio. It is a textual language which uses Graphical User Interface builder to write programs in a easier way. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages Visual BASIC Language: Visual Basic Language is a event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft corporation. It is also considered as an easy laguage. Visual Basic Language was derived from BASIC Language and enables Rapid Application Development (RAD). It can access the Database Objects locally as well as Remote Data Objects. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages C# Language: C# is pronounced as SEE SHARP. It is multi-paradigm programming language (functional, generic, Object-oriented and component-oriented). It was developed by Microsoft. C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure. Its development team is led by Anders Hejlsberg, the designer of Borland Turbo Pascal, who has said that it is object-oriented syntax, is based on C++ and other languages. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
computer software studentApril2 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 440 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: August 22, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: ivanjojo (12 month(s) ago) please send to my email add: ivanhoe.martin@yahoo.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: ignou (14 month(s) ago) Your preentations is excellent. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: jamalrehawi (15 month(s) ago) nice Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sriforever (16 month(s) ago) Hi! kindly send me the download link Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: chiragbahukhandi (19 month(s) ago) Hi! kindly send me the download links as i found this presentation soo rich in knowledge.my mail id is:er.chiragbahukhandi@yahoo.in;aerolite4u@gmail.com Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Software : Software Software : 2 Software A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. The term software refers to a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. These instruction sets, also called programs, provide the means for us to interact with and use the computer. Two main types of software System software Application software System Software Application Software System Software vs. Application Software : System Software vs. Application Software System Software System software helps run the computer and coordinates instructions between application software and the computer’s hardware devices. Coordinates instructions between software and hardware Includes Operating system Utility programs Application Software Programs used to complete tasks for a User. Includes Productivity software Specialty software Entertainment software Educational and reference software Personal software Slide 4: An instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the computer for operation of computer system as a whole. When we switch on the computer the programs stored or written in ROM is executed which activates different units of a computer and makes it ready for work on it. This set of program can be called System Software. Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more programs designed to control the operations of computer system. System Software are general purpose programs designed for performing tasks such as controlling all operations required to move data into and out of the computer. It communicates with keyboard, printer, card reader, disk, tapes etc. It also monitors the use of various hardware like memory, CPU etc. System software acts as an interface between hardware and application software. System software allows application packages to be run on the computer with less time and effort. Remember that it is not possible to run application software without system software. System Software Slide 5: Application software is a set of programs, which are written to perform specific tasks of the users of computers such as Accounts, Stores, Payroll, etc. These software are developed in high level language to help the user to get the computer perform the tasks. For example, you can develop a package to print mark sheet of every student of your class or generate accounts of a company, etc. Application software can be classified into two types: (a) Customized Packages (b) Generalized Packages. Customized Packages: These are developed especially for the user by a program using high-level computer languages. For example, when you develop a package to prepare a status report of your school i.e., name of the students, their addresses, Parent’s name, Fee paid, marks obtained, etc., you are developing a customized package because the package developed for your school may not be of any use for other school. Application Software Generalized Package: These packages are written for the people who have to perform common task on a computer system. DBase, Lotus 1-2-3, FoxPro, MS Office, etc. are the names of the Generalized Packages. Any person can use these packages because they can be used for different application and purposes. These are meant for mass consumption. Application Software : 6 Application Software Productivity Software : Productivity Software Word-processing programs Spreadsheet programs Presentation programs Database programs Personal information manager programs Programs that enable to perform tasks required in home, school, and business Word processing and Desktop publishing : Word processing and Desktop publishing Word processing Create, edit, revise and print documents E.g., Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro and Corel WordPerfect Desktop Publishing Produce printed materials that look professionally published E.g., Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft Publisher and QuarkXPress Electronic Spreadsheets and Presentation Graphics : Electronic Spreadsheets and Presentation Graphics Electronic Spreadsheets Worksheet of rows and columns Used for calculations and charts E.g., Lotus 1-2-3, Microsoft Excel, Corel QuattroPro Presentation Graphics Convert numeric data into graphics displays Prepare multimedia presentations including graphics, photos, animation, and video clips E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance, Corel Presentations Operating System : Operating System Integrated system of programs that Manages the operations of the CPU Controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system Provides support services as computer executes applications programs Slide 11: 11 What is booting? Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered off Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on Warm boot from Windows desktop Warm boot from system unit Process of starting or restarting a computer Slide 12: 12 What messages display on the screen when you boot the computer? Operating System basic functions : Operating System basic functions User Interface : User Interface Part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it Three main types: Command-driven Menu-driven Graphical user interfaces (GUI) Resource management : Resource management Part of operating system that manages the hardware and networking resources of a computer system Includes CPU, memory, secondary storage device, telecommunications, and input/output peripherals. File management : File management Part of the operating system that controls the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs Task Management : Task Management Part of the operating system that manages the accomplishment of computing tasks of the end users Multitasking Task management approach that allows for several tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion Assigns only one task to CPU but switches between tasks so quickly looks like executing all programs at once Also called multiprogramming or time-sharing. Popular Operating Systems : Popular Operating Systems Windows GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia Microsoft’s operating system Different versions manage servers Unix Multitasking, multiuser, network-managing Portable – can run on mainframes, midrange and PCs Linux Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like operating system Open-source MAC OS X Apple operating system for the iMac GUI, multitasking, multimedia Other types of system software : Other types of system software Other system software : Other system software Utilities Miscellaneous housekeeping functions Example, Norton utilities includes data backup, virus protection, data compression, etc. Performance monitors Programs that monitor and adjust computer system to keep them running efficiently Security monitors Programs that monitor and control use of computer systems to prevent unauthorized use of resources Utility Programs : 21 Utility Programs System software that performs maintenance-type tasks Utility Programs : 22 Utility Programs What is a disk scanner? Detects and corrects problems on hard disk or floppy disk Searches for and removes unnecessary files What is a backup utility? Copies selected files or entire hard disk onto another disk or tape compress files during backup to require less storage space Utility Programs : 23 Utility Programs What is a disk defragmenter? Reorganizes files and unused space on hard disk so programs run faster Utility Programs : 24 Utility Programs What is a screen saver? Causes monitor’s screen to display moving image or blank screen if there is no activity for a specified time To secure computer, user configures screen saver to require password to deactivate Stand-Alone Utility Programs : 25 Stand-Alone Utility Programs What is a virus? Potentially damaging computer program Affects computer without user’s knowledge Utility Programs : 26 Utility Programs What is an antivirus program? Identifies and removes viruses in memory, storage media, and incoming files Must be updated frequently Programming Languages : Programming Languages The term language, is a system of communication between two persons. Some of the basic natural languages that we are familiar with are English, Hindi, Oriya, etc. These are the languages used to communicate among various categories of persons. But how will communicate with your computer. A computer will not understand any of these natural languages for transfer of data and instruction. So there are computer-programming languages specially developed so that we could pass our data and instructions to the computer to do specific job. So instructions for performing a task are written in a particular computer programming language based on the type of job. As an example, for scientific application FORTRAN and C languages are used. On the other hand, COBOL is used mainly for business application. Types of Programming Languages : Types of Programming Languages There are two major types of programming languages. These are Low Level Languages and High Level Languages. Low Level languages are further divided into Machine language and Assembly language. Machine Language: Machine Language is the language of the computer and is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of 1’s and 0’s. It is on this basis that the computer is designed. When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the codes and converts it in to electrical signals needed to run it. For example, a program instruction may look like this: 1011000111101 It is not an easy language for us to learn because of its complexity as it consists of 1's and 0's. It is most efficient for the computer as the instructions are directly executed. It is considered to the first generation language. It is also difficult to debug the program written in this language. Slide 29: Advantage The only advantage is that program of machine language run very fast because no translation program is required for the CPU. Disadvantages It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know details of hardware to write program. Machine language is hardware dependent. The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program, which results in program errors. It is difficult to debug the program. Assembly Language : Assembly Language It is the first step to improve the programming structure. In this language, the machine codes comprising of 1's and 0's are substituted by symbolic codes (called mnemonic codes)to improve their understanding. The set of symbols and letters forms the assembly language and a translator program (called Assembler) is required to translate the programs written in assembly language into machine language for execution by the computer. It is considered to be a second-generation language. Slide 31: Advantages: The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot of time and effort of the programmer. It is relatively easier to correct errors and modify program instructions. Assembly Language has almost the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language because this is one-to-one translator between assembly language program and its corresponding machine language program. Disadvantages: One of the major disadvantage is that assembly language is machine dependent. A program written for one computer might not run on other computers with different hardware configuration. High Level Languages : High Level Languages The assembly language and machine language require extensive knowledge of computer hardware. To overcome this limitation, a user writes the instructions in English like sentences to perform the logic of the problem irrespective of the type of computer we are using. The language used for this is referred to as high-level language. High-level languages are simple language that use English and mathematical symbols like +, -, %, /, etc. for its program construction. Any higher-level language has to be converted to machine language for the computer to understand. Higher-level languages are problem-oriented languages because the instructions are suitable for solving a particular problem. For example COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is mostly suitable for business oriented language where there is very little processing and huge output. There are mathematical oriented languages like FORTRAN (Formula Translation) and BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instructions Code) where very large processing is required. Thus a problem-oriented language is designed in such a way that its instruction may be written more like the language of the problem. For example, businessmen use business term and scientists use scientific terms in their respective languages. Object-Oriented Languages : Object-Oriented Languages Combine data elements and the procedures that will be performed upon them into Objects E.g., an object could be data about a bank account and the procedures performed on it such as interest calculations Object-Oriented Languages : Object-Oriented Languages Most widely used software development languages today Easier to use and more efficient for graphics-oriented user interfaces Reusable: can use an object from one application in another application E.g., Visual Basic, C++, Java Web Languages : Web Languages HTML A page description language that creates hypertext documents for the Web XML Describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents Java Object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent Java applets can be executed on any computer Language Translator Programs : Language Translator Programs Translate instructions written in programming languages into machine language Slide 37: Assembler: Definition Translating source code written in assembly language to object code. Assigning machine address to symbolic labels. COMPILER : COMPILER It is a program that translates the instructions of higher-level languages to machine language. It is called compiler because it compiles every program instruction given in higher-level languages into machine language. Thus compiler is a program translator like assembler but more sophisticated. It scans the entire program first and then translates it into machine code. The program written by the programmer in higher-level language is called source program. After this program is converted to machine language by the compiler it is called object program. Interpreter : Interpreter An interpreter is another type of program translator used for translating higher-level language instructions into machine language instructions. It takes one statement of higher-level language at a time, translates it into machine language and executes it immediately. Translation and execution are carried out for each statement. It differs from compiler, which translate the entire source program into machine code and then involve in its execution. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages BASIC Language: Beginners All Purpose Symblic Instruction Code. This language is easy to learn for beginners. Mostly it is used for scientific or Mathematical Operation. Nowadays used for Business Application. It uses Interpreter to translate line by line program code into machine code. Invented by J. G. Kemony and T. E. Kurts. In 1964, it was used for the first time. The Latest and advanced of BASIC is called GWBASIC. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages Fortran Language: It is called Formula Translation Language. While using this language, the user has to use every symbol like comma, full stop, parentheses, etc. Version Fortran II, Fortran III, Fortran IV. It is used in Engineering and Scientific calculations. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages COBOL Language: Common Business Oriented Language. It is a High Level Language. It is used to solve the Business problems. Cobol is a File Oriented Language. Cobol is similar to English Langauage. It is used in various institutions like Banks, Insurance, Manufacturing Industries, Public Utilities, and other Business establishments. Versions : MF COBOL, RM COBOL, MS COBOL, CICS COBOL Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages PASCAL Language: It was developed for the purpose of teaching and constructing Compilers and Interpreters. It was derived from ALGOL-60. This language was named after Blaize Pascal, the great French Mathematician. It was developed ny Niklaus, in 1970’s Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages C Language: This language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, Bell laboratories in America. This language links High Level Language with Assembly Language and makes the functions easier. This language is very powerful for Commercial as well as Scientific applications. Versions : Borland C, Turbo C. C++ is an extension of C language. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages JAVA Language: The JAVA language is a simple, object oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure architecture neutral, portable, etc. It’s popularity is due to the Web application. It is Developed at SUN laboratory. JAVA is a Object Oriented Language. It is designed for programming on the Internet. JAVA’s actual power comes from a new sort of portability known as cross-platform portability, means moving a program from Windows to Macintosh or UNIX Platform. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages Features of BASIC: It is very easy language to learn. It has very easy language words like INPUT, LET, GOTO, PRINT, etc. It provides debugging facility. Facilities for ariyhmatical calculations. It is ideal to Time Sharing Systems. Graphic Designs is also possible. BASIC can run different computers as well. File Organisation is also possible. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages Features of COBOL: It is very easy to read and understand. It is Business Oriented Language. It can process alphabets as well as words. Disadvantages of COBOL: It requires a huge code for writing a program for a any simple problem. Complex calculations are difficult to be performed. Very little Library or in-built functions are available. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages Features of C: It is general purpose programming language. It supports large library an din-built functions in the form of header files. It is suitable for business, scientific and engineering purposes. It supports a variety of data types. C is highly flexible and versitile language. Disadvantages of C: It is not so simple as BASIC language. It uses complex types of operators. Readibility is not easy to understand the program code. Features & Limitations of Languages : Features & Limitations of Languages COMPARISON Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages Visual C++ Language: It is base on GUI based language, the programming for windows. Visual C++ is a part of Microsoft Visual Studio. It is a textual language which uses Graphical User Interface builder to write programs in a easier way. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages Visual BASIC Language: Visual Basic Language is a event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft corporation. It is also considered as an easy laguage. Visual Basic Language was derived from BASIC Language and enables Rapid Application Development (RAD). It can access the Database Objects locally as well as Remote Data Objects. Description Of Languages : Description Of Languages C# Language: C# is pronounced as SEE SHARP. It is multi-paradigm programming language (functional, generic, Object-oriented and component-oriented). It was developed by Microsoft. C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure. Its development team is led by Anders Hejlsberg, the designer of Borland Turbo Pascal, who has said that it is object-oriented syntax, is based on C++ and other languages.