logging in or signing up NLEP - Copy spk123spk123 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 652 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: September 03, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: soooooo (8 month(s) ago) nice presentation,i am mbbs student i need dis presentaton.plz allow me to downioad it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: aprule (20 month(s) ago) Greetings, we are a NGO working in health and education in Vidarbha (Maharashtra). Pl mail your NLEP presentation to aprule@rediffmail.com Thank you Ashutosh The ACE, Nagpur Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: spk123spk123 (20 month(s) ago) thank you.... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript INTRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy has affected humanity for over 4,000 years,and was well-recognized in the civilizations of ancient China, Egypt, and India. DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered in a tomb next to the Old City of Jerusalem shows him to be the earliest human proven to have suffered from leprosy. In 1995, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that between 2 and 3 million people were permanently disabled because of leprosy. In the past 20 years, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. Slide 2: Govt. of India started National Leprosy Control Programme in 1955 based on Dapsone domiciliary treatment. It was only in 1970s that a definite cure was identified in the form of MDT. The MDT came into wide use from 1982, following the recommendation by the WHO Study Group, Geneva in October 1981. Govt. of India established a high power committee under chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in 1981 for dealing with the problem of leprosy. Slide 3: Based on its recommendations the NLEP was launched in 1983 with the objective to arrest the disease activity in all the known cases of leprosy. VISION : The Attainment of Leprosy Free Status for the People of India" MISSION STATEMENT : MISSION STATEMENT Build a strong quality service network through the General Health Care System, with technically excellent referral service at District Hospitals and also through the tertiary care institutions, both Government and NGO. Provide leprosy services in highest collaboration and coordination with other health programmes; the ministry of social justice and empowerment; partners like the World Health Organization, International Federation of Anti-leprosy Associations and other NGOs OBJECTIVES : OBJECTIVES Spreading public awareness about leprosy with aim to encourage self reporting for diagnosis and treatment; reduction of stigma and stop discrimination. Detection of the hidden as well as newly infected leprosy cases at early stages and provide complete treatment in scheduled time to cure Prevent deformity, provide reconstructive surgery service to the leprosy disabled persons; assist leprosy affected persons in receiving rehabilitation facilities provided by various Departments/Organizations. MILESTONES IN NLEP : MILESTONES IN NLEP 1955 – GOI launched National Leprosy Control Programme 1983 - Launched NLEP &introduced MDT for treatment. 1991 - WHO declaration to eliminate leprosy at global level by 2000. 1993 - 2000 - World Bank supported NLEP – I 2001 - 2004 - World Bank supported NLEP – II 2005 - National programme continues with GOI funds. 2005 - India achieved elimination of leprosy at National Level in December’ 05. WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…1 : WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…1 The 1st Phase of the World Bank supported National Leprosy Elimination Project started from 1993-94 and completed on 31.3.2000. This Project involved a cost of Rs. 550 crores of which World Bank loan was Rs. 292 crores. During this phase, the prevalence rate reduced from 24/10,000 population in 1992 before starting 1st Phase project to 3.7/10,000 by March 2001. WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…2 : WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…2 The 2nd Phase of World Bank Project on NLEP started for a period of 3 years from 2001-02. The project involve a cost of Rs. 249.8 crore including World Bank loan of Rs. 166.35 Crore and WHO to provide MDT drugs free of cost worth Rs. 48.00 crore. The project successfully ended on 31st Dec. 2004. Slide 9: The National Leprosy Eradication Programme is being continued with Govt. of India funds from January 2005 onwards. Additional support for the programme is continued to be received from the WHO and ILEP organizations. MDT is to be supplied free of cost as of now by NOVARTIS through WHO. HEALTH GOAL TARGET : HEALTH GOAL TARGET The National Health Policy, Govt. of India sets the goal of elimination of leprosy i.e. to reduce the no. of cases to < 1/10,000 population by the year 2005. Slide 11: As a result of the hard work and meticulously planned and executed activities, the country achieved the goal of elimination of leprosy as a public health problemat the National Level in the month of December, 2005. As on 31st December 2005, Prevalence Rate recorded in the country was 0.95/10,000 population. The NLEP strategy towards Leprosy Elimination in India from the year 2001: : The NLEP strategy towards Leprosy Elimination in India from the year 2001: Decentralization of NLEP to States & Districts Integration of leprosy services with General Health Care System Leprosy Training of GHS functionaries Surveillance for early diagnosis & prompt MDT, through routine and special efforts Intensified IEC using Local and Mass Media approaches Prevention of Disability & Care MODIFIED LEPROSY ELIMINATION CAMPAIGNS UNDER NLEP : MODIFIED LEPROSY ELIMINATION CAMPAIGNS UNDER NLEP MLEC approach was first started in India during 1997-98 with the objective to generate mass awareness about leprosy in the General Population, to give training to the General Health Care Service staff who were not involved for leprosy service delivery so far and to detect the hidden leprosy cases in all the States/ UTs and to put them under MDT. The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…1 : The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…1 It was carried out in the country during the year 1999-2000 with similar objective. Active case detection through house to house search for 6 days was done in 5 States viz. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…2 : The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…2 In the 7 States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu case detection was passive through voluntary reporting centers, for 2 days. The campaign resulted in detection of about 2.14 lakh leprosy cases and their immediate treatment with MDT. Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….1 : Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….1 The Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign was carried out during the year 2001-02. Although the objective was similar to the previous two MLEC, during this campaign states were divided into 4 groups for case detection during the campaign. Active detection through house to house search was carried out in states viz. Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, UP, West Bengal and Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….2 : Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….2 In 4 states viz. Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttaranchal and Tamilnadu case detection was mix of Active Search and Voluntary Reporting Centre (VRC) type in different areas as decided by the States.In 18 other states only VRCs were opened for 2 days for cases detection, while in States/ UTs where elimination have been achieved only passive detection was done. The campaign resulted in detection of about 1.65 lakh leprosy cases and their treatment. Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….1 : Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….1 It was planned for the 2nd year of the World Bank supported Second National Leprosy Elimination Project and carried out during the year 2002-03 with slightly different strategies and approaches. Case detection through mix of Active Search & VRC were carried out in 8 endemic states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttaranchal. Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….2 : Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….2 In 14 moderate endemic states case detection was through 2 days of VRC and in the remaining 13 States/ UTs only Passive recording of cases were done. IEC campaign and orientation training to General Health Care staff was common in all groups of States/ UTs. The campaign resulted in deletion of about 1.0 lakh leprosy cases and their treatment with MDT. Fifth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign : Fifth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign The Fifth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign was considered necessary in 8 endemic states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The same was planned and carried out between February and May 2004. The campaign resulted in detection of 0.6 lakh new leprosy cases and their treatment. DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY : “Basic science of public health” The study of the disease frequency, distribution and determinants ofhealth – related statesin specific populationsand the application of the same to controlhealth problems DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION : EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION Epidemiology identifies the modifiable risk factors, causes of diseases and it lead to the well use of four levels of prevention to reduce morbidity, mortality and improve standard and quality of life. CONTRIBUTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY & ITS IMPLICATIONS : CONTRIBUTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY & ITS IMPLICATIONS Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY : AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (According to International Epidemiological Association) To describe the distribution and magnitude of health & disease problems in human populations To identify etiological factors ( risk factors ) in the pathogenesis of disease. To provide the data essential planning , implementation & evaluation of services for the prevention ,control and treatment of diseases & to set up priorities among those services. OBJECTIVES : OBJECTIVES Studying natural history of disease. Describing the health/disease status of populations. Identification of causes of health/disease. Evaluating health services/health interventions PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..1 : PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..1 To describe the frequency and extent of health conditions and disease. To determine the burden of disease in a community, including socioeconomic impact of disease occurrence in specific populations. To identify the causes and risk factors of specific diseases. This is the basis of disease prevention. PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..2 : PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..2 To evaluate medical interventions, including both preventive and therapeutic measures, and evaluate the delivery of these measures in health care settings. To study the natural history and prognosis of disease. To provide the foundation for developing public policy and regulatory decisions relating to health. SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY : SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Epidemiology is expression of wide range of subject matter Today epidemiology is concerned with study of non- infectious diseases Epidemiology focus on all diseases, situation and health related events that affect the population Scope of measurement of epidemiology is very broad and unlimited. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNICABLE DISESES : EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNICABLE DISESES It helps to identify the epidemiological triad of communicable diseases and thus helps to prevent it. In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the work of epidemiologists ranges from outbreak investigation to study design, data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses and the documentation of results for submission to peer-reviewed journals. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY It is the application of epidemiological principles and methods to the practice of clinical medicine. The central concerns of clinical epidemiology are: definitions of normality and abnormality; accuracy of the diagnostic tests; natural history and prognosis of disease ; effectiveness of treatment and prevention in clinical practice. ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 : ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 Economic epidemiology is a field at the intersection of epidemiology and economics. Its premise is to incorporate incentives for healthy behaviour and its behavioural responses into an epidemiological context to better understand how diseases are transmitted. This framework should help improve policy responses to epidemic diseases by giving policymakers and health-care providers clear tools for thinking about how certain actions can influence the spread of disease transmission. ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 : ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 The main context through which this field emerged was the idea that individuals change their behaviour as the prevalence of a disease changes. However, economic epidemiology also encompasses other ideas, including the role of externalities, global disease commons and how individuals’ incentives can influence the outcome and cost of health interventions. ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY It is the branch of public health that deals with environmental conditions and hazards that may pose a risk to human health. It identifies and quantifies exposures to environmental contaminants; conducts risk assessments and risk communication; provides medical evaluation and surveillance for adverse health effects; and provides health-based guidance on levels of exposure to such contaminants. GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 : GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 Genetic epidemiology was defined by Morton as "a science which deals with the etiology, distribution, and control of disease in groups of relatives and with inherited causes of disease in populations“. It is the study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations, and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors. GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 : GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 More recently, the scope of genetic epidemiology has expanded to include common diseases for which many genes each play make a smaller contribution (polygenic, multifactorial or multigenic disorders). TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY : TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY Tele-epidemiology is a methodological and application area of epidemiology concerned with the application of space-based systems (communication, Earth observation, positioning systems, Geographical Information Systems. biostatistics, etc.) in the study of the space and time distribution of health events or disease process in populations. USES OF TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY : USES OF TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY satellite communication system to support the investigation of an infectious disease outbreak remote-sensing satellite to recognize and locate physical features on Earth (for example, a industrial plant suspected of a point source contamination of air or water) or non-visible characteristics of a land area (for example, calculation of the NDVI index in relation to the distribution of species of mosquitoes) to assess health risk in surrounding populations the use of global positioning satellites (GPS) to track the migration of animals to better understand possible route of malaria transmission PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY : PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY Pharmacoepidemiology can be defined as the application of epidemiological methods to pharmacological issues. It helps to provide an estimate of the probability of beneficial effects in populations, or the probability of adverse effects in populations and other parameters relating to drug use CONFLICT EPIDEMIOLOGY : CONFLICT EPIDEMIOLOGY The emerging field of conflict epidemiology offers a more accurate method to measure deaths caused during violent conflicts or wars that can generate more reliable numbers than before to guide decision-makers. SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Social epidemiology is defined as "The branch of epidemiology that studies the social distribution and social determinants of health,“ that is, "both specific features of, and pathways by which, societal conditions affect health." EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY It is of three types : Randomized controlled trial Field trial and Community trial EPIDEMIOLOGY, HEALTH SERVICES AND HEALTH POLICY : EPIDEMIOLOGY, HEALTH SERVICES AND HEALTH POLICY It is the use of epidemiological principles and methods for the planning and evaluation of health services. Epidemiological principles and methods are used to identify burden of disease, causation, effectiveness of different interventions, its efficiency, implementation and monitoring it. Epidemiological research results are also used in health policy making. CONCLUSION : CONCLUSION It is considered a cornerstone methodology of public health research, and is highly regarded in evidence-based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease and determining optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
NLEP - Copy spk123spk123 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 652 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: September 03, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: soooooo (8 month(s) ago) nice presentation,i am mbbs student i need dis presentaton.plz allow me to downioad it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: aprule (20 month(s) ago) Greetings, we are a NGO working in health and education in Vidarbha (Maharashtra). Pl mail your NLEP presentation to aprule@rediffmail.com Thank you Ashutosh The ACE, Nagpur Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: spk123spk123 (20 month(s) ago) thank you.... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript INTRODUCTION : INTRODUCTION Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy has affected humanity for over 4,000 years,and was well-recognized in the civilizations of ancient China, Egypt, and India. DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered in a tomb next to the Old City of Jerusalem shows him to be the earliest human proven to have suffered from leprosy. In 1995, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that between 2 and 3 million people were permanently disabled because of leprosy. In the past 20 years, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy. Slide 2: Govt. of India started National Leprosy Control Programme in 1955 based on Dapsone domiciliary treatment. It was only in 1970s that a definite cure was identified in the form of MDT. The MDT came into wide use from 1982, following the recommendation by the WHO Study Group, Geneva in October 1981. Govt. of India established a high power committee under chairmanship of Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in 1981 for dealing with the problem of leprosy. Slide 3: Based on its recommendations the NLEP was launched in 1983 with the objective to arrest the disease activity in all the known cases of leprosy. VISION : The Attainment of Leprosy Free Status for the People of India" MISSION STATEMENT : MISSION STATEMENT Build a strong quality service network through the General Health Care System, with technically excellent referral service at District Hospitals and also through the tertiary care institutions, both Government and NGO. Provide leprosy services in highest collaboration and coordination with other health programmes; the ministry of social justice and empowerment; partners like the World Health Organization, International Federation of Anti-leprosy Associations and other NGOs OBJECTIVES : OBJECTIVES Spreading public awareness about leprosy with aim to encourage self reporting for diagnosis and treatment; reduction of stigma and stop discrimination. Detection of the hidden as well as newly infected leprosy cases at early stages and provide complete treatment in scheduled time to cure Prevent deformity, provide reconstructive surgery service to the leprosy disabled persons; assist leprosy affected persons in receiving rehabilitation facilities provided by various Departments/Organizations. MILESTONES IN NLEP : MILESTONES IN NLEP 1955 – GOI launched National Leprosy Control Programme 1983 - Launched NLEP &introduced MDT for treatment. 1991 - WHO declaration to eliminate leprosy at global level by 2000. 1993 - 2000 - World Bank supported NLEP – I 2001 - 2004 - World Bank supported NLEP – II 2005 - National programme continues with GOI funds. 2005 - India achieved elimination of leprosy at National Level in December’ 05. WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…1 : WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…1 The 1st Phase of the World Bank supported National Leprosy Elimination Project started from 1993-94 and completed on 31.3.2000. This Project involved a cost of Rs. 550 crores of which World Bank loan was Rs. 292 crores. During this phase, the prevalence rate reduced from 24/10,000 population in 1992 before starting 1st Phase project to 3.7/10,000 by March 2001. WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…2 : WORLD BANK PROJECT ON NLEP…2 The 2nd Phase of World Bank Project on NLEP started for a period of 3 years from 2001-02. The project involve a cost of Rs. 249.8 crore including World Bank loan of Rs. 166.35 Crore and WHO to provide MDT drugs free of cost worth Rs. 48.00 crore. The project successfully ended on 31st Dec. 2004. Slide 9: The National Leprosy Eradication Programme is being continued with Govt. of India funds from January 2005 onwards. Additional support for the programme is continued to be received from the WHO and ILEP organizations. MDT is to be supplied free of cost as of now by NOVARTIS through WHO. HEALTH GOAL TARGET : HEALTH GOAL TARGET The National Health Policy, Govt. of India sets the goal of elimination of leprosy i.e. to reduce the no. of cases to < 1/10,000 population by the year 2005. Slide 11: As a result of the hard work and meticulously planned and executed activities, the country achieved the goal of elimination of leprosy as a public health problemat the National Level in the month of December, 2005. As on 31st December 2005, Prevalence Rate recorded in the country was 0.95/10,000 population. The NLEP strategy towards Leprosy Elimination in India from the year 2001: : The NLEP strategy towards Leprosy Elimination in India from the year 2001: Decentralization of NLEP to States & Districts Integration of leprosy services with General Health Care System Leprosy Training of GHS functionaries Surveillance for early diagnosis & prompt MDT, through routine and special efforts Intensified IEC using Local and Mass Media approaches Prevention of Disability & Care MODIFIED LEPROSY ELIMINATION CAMPAIGNS UNDER NLEP : MODIFIED LEPROSY ELIMINATION CAMPAIGNS UNDER NLEP MLEC approach was first started in India during 1997-98 with the objective to generate mass awareness about leprosy in the General Population, to give training to the General Health Care Service staff who were not involved for leprosy service delivery so far and to detect the hidden leprosy cases in all the States/ UTs and to put them under MDT. The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…1 : The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…1 It was carried out in the country during the year 1999-2000 with similar objective. Active case detection through house to house search for 6 days was done in 5 States viz. Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…2 : The Second Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign…2 In the 7 States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu case detection was passive through voluntary reporting centers, for 2 days. The campaign resulted in detection of about 2.14 lakh leprosy cases and their immediate treatment with MDT. Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….1 : Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….1 The Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign was carried out during the year 2001-02. Although the objective was similar to the previous two MLEC, during this campaign states were divided into 4 groups for case detection during the campaign. Active detection through house to house search was carried out in states viz. Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, UP, West Bengal and Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….2 : Third Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign ….2 In 4 states viz. Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttaranchal and Tamilnadu case detection was mix of Active Search and Voluntary Reporting Centre (VRC) type in different areas as decided by the States.In 18 other states only VRCs were opened for 2 days for cases detection, while in States/ UTs where elimination have been achieved only passive detection was done. The campaign resulted in detection of about 1.65 lakh leprosy cases and their treatment. Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….1 : Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….1 It was planned for the 2nd year of the World Bank supported Second National Leprosy Elimination Project and carried out during the year 2002-03 with slightly different strategies and approaches. Case detection through mix of Active Search & VRC were carried out in 8 endemic states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttaranchal. Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….2 : Fourth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign….2 In 14 moderate endemic states case detection was through 2 days of VRC and in the remaining 13 States/ UTs only Passive recording of cases were done. IEC campaign and orientation training to General Health Care staff was common in all groups of States/ UTs. The campaign resulted in deletion of about 1.0 lakh leprosy cases and their treatment with MDT. Fifth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign : Fifth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign The Fifth Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign was considered necessary in 8 endemic states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The same was planned and carried out between February and May 2004. The campaign resulted in detection of 0.6 lakh new leprosy cases and their treatment. DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY : “Basic science of public health” The study of the disease frequency, distribution and determinants ofhealth – related statesin specific populationsand the application of the same to controlhealth problems DEFINITION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION : EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION Epidemiology identifies the modifiable risk factors, causes of diseases and it lead to the well use of four levels of prevention to reduce morbidity, mortality and improve standard and quality of life. CONTRIBUTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY & ITS IMPLICATIONS : CONTRIBUTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY & ITS IMPLICATIONS Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY : AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (According to International Epidemiological Association) To describe the distribution and magnitude of health & disease problems in human populations To identify etiological factors ( risk factors ) in the pathogenesis of disease. To provide the data essential planning , implementation & evaluation of services for the prevention ,control and treatment of diseases & to set up priorities among those services. OBJECTIVES : OBJECTIVES Studying natural history of disease. Describing the health/disease status of populations. Identification of causes of health/disease. Evaluating health services/health interventions PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..1 : PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..1 To describe the frequency and extent of health conditions and disease. To determine the burden of disease in a community, including socioeconomic impact of disease occurrence in specific populations. To identify the causes and risk factors of specific diseases. This is the basis of disease prevention. PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..2 : PURPOSE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY..2 To evaluate medical interventions, including both preventive and therapeutic measures, and evaluate the delivery of these measures in health care settings. To study the natural history and prognosis of disease. To provide the foundation for developing public policy and regulatory decisions relating to health. SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY : SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Epidemiology is expression of wide range of subject matter Today epidemiology is concerned with study of non- infectious diseases Epidemiology focus on all diseases, situation and health related events that affect the population Scope of measurement of epidemiology is very broad and unlimited. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNICABLE DISESES : EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNICABLE DISESES It helps to identify the epidemiological triad of communicable diseases and thus helps to prevent it. In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the work of epidemiologists ranges from outbreak investigation to study design, data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses and the documentation of results for submission to peer-reviewed journals. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY It is the application of epidemiological principles and methods to the practice of clinical medicine. The central concerns of clinical epidemiology are: definitions of normality and abnormality; accuracy of the diagnostic tests; natural history and prognosis of disease ; effectiveness of treatment and prevention in clinical practice. ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 : ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 Economic epidemiology is a field at the intersection of epidemiology and economics. Its premise is to incorporate incentives for healthy behaviour and its behavioural responses into an epidemiological context to better understand how diseases are transmitted. This framework should help improve policy responses to epidemic diseases by giving policymakers and health-care providers clear tools for thinking about how certain actions can influence the spread of disease transmission. ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 : ECONOMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 The main context through which this field emerged was the idea that individuals change their behaviour as the prevalence of a disease changes. However, economic epidemiology also encompasses other ideas, including the role of externalities, global disease commons and how individuals’ incentives can influence the outcome and cost of health interventions. ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY It is the branch of public health that deals with environmental conditions and hazards that may pose a risk to human health. It identifies and quantifies exposures to environmental contaminants; conducts risk assessments and risk communication; provides medical evaluation and surveillance for adverse health effects; and provides health-based guidance on levels of exposure to such contaminants. GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 : GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…1 Genetic epidemiology was defined by Morton as "a science which deals with the etiology, distribution, and control of disease in groups of relatives and with inherited causes of disease in populations“. It is the study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations, and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors. GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 : GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY…2 More recently, the scope of genetic epidemiology has expanded to include common diseases for which many genes each play make a smaller contribution (polygenic, multifactorial or multigenic disorders). TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY : TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY Tele-epidemiology is a methodological and application area of epidemiology concerned with the application of space-based systems (communication, Earth observation, positioning systems, Geographical Information Systems. biostatistics, etc.) in the study of the space and time distribution of health events or disease process in populations. USES OF TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY : USES OF TELE-EPIDEMIOLOGY satellite communication system to support the investigation of an infectious disease outbreak remote-sensing satellite to recognize and locate physical features on Earth (for example, a industrial plant suspected of a point source contamination of air or water) or non-visible characteristics of a land area (for example, calculation of the NDVI index in relation to the distribution of species of mosquitoes) to assess health risk in surrounding populations the use of global positioning satellites (GPS) to track the migration of animals to better understand possible route of malaria transmission PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY : PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY Pharmacoepidemiology can be defined as the application of epidemiological methods to pharmacological issues. It helps to provide an estimate of the probability of beneficial effects in populations, or the probability of adverse effects in populations and other parameters relating to drug use CONFLICT EPIDEMIOLOGY : CONFLICT EPIDEMIOLOGY The emerging field of conflict epidemiology offers a more accurate method to measure deaths caused during violent conflicts or wars that can generate more reliable numbers than before to guide decision-makers. SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Social epidemiology is defined as "The branch of epidemiology that studies the social distribution and social determinants of health,“ that is, "both specific features of, and pathways by which, societal conditions affect health." EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY : EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY It is of three types : Randomized controlled trial Field trial and Community trial EPIDEMIOLOGY, HEALTH SERVICES AND HEALTH POLICY : EPIDEMIOLOGY, HEALTH SERVICES AND HEALTH POLICY It is the use of epidemiological principles and methods for the planning and evaluation of health services. Epidemiological principles and methods are used to identify burden of disease, causation, effectiveness of different interventions, its efficiency, implementation and monitoring it. Epidemiological research results are also used in health policy making. CONCLUSION : CONCLUSION It is considered a cornerstone methodology of public health research, and is highly regarded in evidence-based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease and determining optimal treatment approaches to clinical practice.