Slide 1:WELCOME


ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH :ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH Ethics are the moral principles governing or influencing conduct. In any discipline that involves research with human being or animals, researchers must address a range of ethical issues.


ETHICS AND RESEARCH :ETHICS AND RESEARCH When humans are used as study participants, care must be exercised in ensuring that the rights of those humans are protected. The requirement for ethical conduct requires no further comment But the fact is that ethical considerations have not always been of adequate attention


CODES OF ETHICS. :CODES OF ETHICS. In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. One of the first internationally recognized efforts to establish ethical standards is Nuremberg Code. ANA gives a latest revised code of ethics for nurses in 2001 that covers primarily ethical issues for practicing nurses but that also apply to nurse researchers.


CONTINUED. . . . :CONTINUED. . . . In 1975, the ANA issued a statement, entitled Human Rights Guidelines for nurse in Clinical and other Research. In this the human rights are discussed in tow main aspects:- 1. The right to freedom from intrinsic risk of injury 2. The right to privacy and dignity


CONTINUED….. :CONTINUED….. These two rights cover all aspects of freedom from harm and right to privacy, confidentiality, anonymity and human dignity Also freedom from exploitation, especially to the vulnerable.


CONTINUED….. :CONTINUED….. The guidelines also discuss the protection of human rights for nurse in two roles:- As investigators As practitioners


ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH. :ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH. There are research problems in which participants’ rights and study demands are put in direct conflicts.


CONTINUED……. :CONTINUED……. Another type of dilemma arises from the fact that nurse researchers may be confronted with conflict-of-interest situations. Here the expected behaviour as nurses comes into conflict with the expected behaviour of researchers.


PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS :PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS Beneficence Non-maleficence Fidelity Justice Veracity Confidentiality


ETHICAL CONSTRAINTS :ETHICAL CONSTRAINTS Research with human beings is guided by ethical principles that sometimes interfere with research goals.


PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS :PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS 1.Risk/benefit assessments To determine whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs, be they financial, physical, emotional, or social. 2. Informed consent and participant authorization One important procedure for safeguarding and protecting their right to self-determination involves obtaining informed consent.


Components of informed consent :Components of informed consent Participant status Study purpose Type of data Nature of the commitment Sponsorship Participant selection Procedures


Components of informed consent :Components of informed consent Potential risks or costs Potential benefits Confidentiality pledge Voluntary consent Right to withdraw Alternatives Contact information


PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS :PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS 3. Confidentiality procedures Any data the participants provide should be kept strictest confidence. It is achieved by the following method:- ANONYMITY: - it is the most secure means of protecting confidentiality, occurs when even the researcher cannot link the participants to their data


PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS :PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS 4. Debriefing and referrals Researchers can often show their respect for study participants by carefully attending to the nature of the interactions they have with them. 5. Treatment of vulnerable groups The rights of special venerable groups may need to be protected through additional procedures and heightened sensitivity


Vulnerable subjects :Vulnerable subjects Children Mentally or emotionally challenged Physically challenged people The terminally ill Institutionalized people Pregnant women


PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS :PROCEDURES FOR PROTECTING STUDY PARTICIPANTS 6. External reviews Biases may arise as a result of researcher’s commitment to an area of knowledge and their desire to conduct a study with as much rigor as possible. Because of this the study should be subjected to external review.


BUILDING ETHICS INTO THE DESIGN OF THE STUDY :BUILDING ETHICS INTO THE DESIGN OF THE STUDY Researchers need to give careful thought to ethical requirements during the planning of a research project Plan safeguards for protecting humans. They must persist in being vigilant throughout the implementation of the research plans because unforeseen ethical dilemmas may arise during the study


REFERENCES :REFERENCES Denise F Polit and Cheryl Tatano Beck, “Nursing Research –Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice”, 8th Edition. Jacqueline Rose Hott and Wendy C.Budin, “Notter’s Essential of Nursing Research”, 6th Edition,Springer publishing company Kadur Parahoo, “Nursing Research – principles, process and Issues” Dawn Freshwater and Veronica Bishop, “Nursing Research in Context – Appreciation, Application and Professional Development”


Slide 21:THANK YOU