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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 8: Earthquakes & Earth’s Interior : Earthquakes Chapter 8: Earthquakes & Earth’s Interior Earthquake : Earthquake Shaking and trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust Slide 3: Earth’s crust slips because stress builds up and when it overcomes friction it slips! Fault What is a Fault? : What is a Fault? A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other San Andreas Fault : San Andreas Fault Focus : Focus Exact place of origin of the earthquake disturbance located below the surface of the Earth. Epicenter : Epicenter Position on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus Slide 10: Seismic Waves Foreshock : Foreshock Smaller earthquake preceding a much larger earthquake Aftershock : Aftershock Earthquakes in the same region of the main shock but of smaller magnitude Slide 17: Seismograph Earthquakes generate seismic waves which can be detected with a sensitive instrument called a seismograph. Seismologist : Seismologist Scientists who study and determine the strength of an earthquake Seismogram : Seismogram Seismographs records of seismic waves Higher the wavy lines are, the stronger the quake is Slide 21: Seismic Waves Shock waves produced by Earthquakes that travels through the Earth Slide 22: Primary Waves: The fastest waves that can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Secondary Waves: Slower waves that can travel through solids, but NOT liquids, and gases. Slide 23: (P-Wave) Slide 24: Shear Wave (S-Wave) Slide 25: Richter Scale A measurement of magnitude of an Earthquake done by reading the amplitude or height of the seismic wave. The Magnitude Scale is an attempt to measure how much energy the earthquake releases. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is the measure of how the earthquake feels. : The Magnitude Scale is an attempt to measure how much energy the earthquake releases. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is the measure of how the earthquake feels. Slide 28: Effects/impacts of earthquakes There are many effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following: Broken windows Collapse of buildings Fires, as seen in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake Tsunamis, as seen in the 2004 Sumatran earthquake Landslides Destabilization of the base of some buildings which may lead to collapse in a future earthquake Disease Lack of basic necessities Human loss of life Higher insurance premiums Earthquake Destruction : Earthquake Destruction Kabreet, Egypt : Kabreet, Egypt El Salvador, 2001 : El Salvador, 2001 Thailand : Thailand SHAKING DAMAGE IN SAN FRANCISCO These horses were killed and the wagon was crushed by falling debris. Note the welts on the horses' hide made as they struggled in the leather harness during the earthquake. Horses reportedly snorted and whinnied before the shock and tried to run when the ground motion began. : SHAKING DAMAGE IN SAN FRANCISCO These horses were killed and the wagon was crushed by falling debris. Note the welts on the horses' hide made as they struggled in the leather harness during the earthquake. Horses reportedly snorted and whinnied before the shock and tried to run when the ground motion began. Loma Pieta, CA 1989 : Loma Pieta, CA 1989 San Francisco, 1906 : San Francisco, 1906 Slide 47: Tombstones rotated off their bases in a cemetery near Anna, Ohio. Washington, 1949 : Washington, 1949 Slide 49: Kobe Earthquake In September 1985 a devastating earthquake shook Mexico City, Mexico, causing severe damage and destroying many of the city’s buildings. The quake left at least 9,500 people dead and about 30,000 homeless. (Richter Scale 8.1) : In September 1985 a devastating earthquake shook Mexico City, Mexico, causing severe damage and destroying many of the city’s buildings. The quake left at least 9,500 people dead and about 30,000 homeless. (Richter Scale 8.1) Tsunami : Tsunami Giant sea waves produced during an earthquake Travel up to speeds of 700 to 800 kph Cause great damage Slide 57: Before After Slide 59: Maximum recession of tsunami waters at Kata Noi Beach, Phuket, Thailand, before the 3rd, and strongest, tsunami wave. (2004-Indian Ocean earthquake) Kata Noi Beach, Phuket, Thailand (3rd tsunami wave). : Kata Noi Beach, Phuket, Thailand (3rd tsunami wave). Countries most affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. : Countries most affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Earth’s Interior : Earth’s Interior Earth’s Core : Earth’s Core Inner Core : Inner Core Solid Composed of iron & nickel Temperature reaches 5,000 °C Begins 5150 km (3218.75 m) below the Earth’s surface Distance of inner core is 1300 km (812.5 miles) Outer Core : Outer Core Surrounds the inner core Begins 2900 km (1812.5 m) below the surface Is 2250 km (1406.25 m) thick Composed of molten rock(hot liquid) iron and nickel 2200°C Mesosphere : Mesosphere The transition region between the mantle and the inner core Earth’s Mantle : Earth’s Mantle Mantle: Directly above the outer core Extends to a depth of 2900 km (1812.5 m) below the surface 80% volume of the Earth 68% of the planets mass Moho : Moho Andrija Mohorovoicic Observed a change in speed of seismic waves as they moved through Earth Separates crust from underlying mantle Indicated difference of density Earth’s Crust : Earth’s Crust Thin outermost layer Similar to an apple peel All life exists within a few hundred meters above crust Oceanic Crust : Oceanic Crust Crust beneath the oceans Less than 10 km thick Composed of silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium Continental Crust : Continental Crust Crust beneath the continents Average thickness of 32 km Thicker beneath mountains Composed of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium Lithosphere : Lithosphere Solid topmost part of the Earth 50 to 100 km thick and broken into large plates 7 major plates in the world Asthenosphere : Asthenosphere Directly below the lithosphere 130-160 km thick Contains hot molten material that flows like thick tar Mantle Composition : Mantle Composition Mantle is composed of silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium Density of mantle increases with depth due to higher % of iron Temperature ranges from 870°C to 2200°C Slide 84: Rock in the mantle flows like a thick liquid High temperature and pressure allow solid rock to flow Plasticity: When a solid has the ability to flow You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Earthquakes & Earth's Interior somark Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 890 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (4) Dislike it (0) Added: August 06, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 3 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: djb131966 (34 month(s) ago) Your presentation on EARTHQUAKE was really good. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Chapter 8: Earthquakes & Earth’s Interior : Earthquakes Chapter 8: Earthquakes & Earth’s Interior Earthquake : Earthquake Shaking and trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust Slide 3: Earth’s crust slips because stress builds up and when it overcomes friction it slips! Fault What is a Fault? : What is a Fault? A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other San Andreas Fault : San Andreas Fault Focus : Focus Exact place of origin of the earthquake disturbance located below the surface of the Earth. Epicenter : Epicenter Position on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus Slide 10: Seismic Waves Foreshock : Foreshock Smaller earthquake preceding a much larger earthquake Aftershock : Aftershock Earthquakes in the same region of the main shock but of smaller magnitude Slide 17: Seismograph Earthquakes generate seismic waves which can be detected with a sensitive instrument called a seismograph. Seismologist : Seismologist Scientists who study and determine the strength of an earthquake Seismogram : Seismogram Seismographs records of seismic waves Higher the wavy lines are, the stronger the quake is Slide 21: Seismic Waves Shock waves produced by Earthquakes that travels through the Earth Slide 22: Primary Waves: The fastest waves that can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Secondary Waves: Slower waves that can travel through solids, but NOT liquids, and gases. Slide 23: (P-Wave) Slide 24: Shear Wave (S-Wave) Slide 25: Richter Scale A measurement of magnitude of an Earthquake done by reading the amplitude or height of the seismic wave. The Magnitude Scale is an attempt to measure how much energy the earthquake releases. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is the measure of how the earthquake feels. : The Magnitude Scale is an attempt to measure how much energy the earthquake releases. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is the measure of how the earthquake feels. Slide 28: Effects/impacts of earthquakes There are many effects of earthquakes including, but not limited to the following: Broken windows Collapse of buildings Fires, as seen in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake Tsunamis, as seen in the 2004 Sumatran earthquake Landslides Destabilization of the base of some buildings which may lead to collapse in a future earthquake Disease Lack of basic necessities Human loss of life Higher insurance premiums Earthquake Destruction : Earthquake Destruction Kabreet, Egypt : Kabreet, Egypt El Salvador, 2001 : El Salvador, 2001 Thailand : Thailand SHAKING DAMAGE IN SAN FRANCISCO These horses were killed and the wagon was crushed by falling debris. Note the welts on the horses' hide made as they struggled in the leather harness during the earthquake. Horses reportedly snorted and whinnied before the shock and tried to run when the ground motion began. : SHAKING DAMAGE IN SAN FRANCISCO These horses were killed and the wagon was crushed by falling debris. Note the welts on the horses' hide made as they struggled in the leather harness during the earthquake. Horses reportedly snorted and whinnied before the shock and tried to run when the ground motion began. Loma Pieta, CA 1989 : Loma Pieta, CA 1989 San Francisco, 1906 : San Francisco, 1906 Slide 47: Tombstones rotated off their bases in a cemetery near Anna, Ohio. Washington, 1949 : Washington, 1949 Slide 49: Kobe Earthquake In September 1985 a devastating earthquake shook Mexico City, Mexico, causing severe damage and destroying many of the city’s buildings. The quake left at least 9,500 people dead and about 30,000 homeless. (Richter Scale 8.1) : In September 1985 a devastating earthquake shook Mexico City, Mexico, causing severe damage and destroying many of the city’s buildings. The quake left at least 9,500 people dead and about 30,000 homeless. (Richter Scale 8.1) Tsunami : Tsunami Giant sea waves produced during an earthquake Travel up to speeds of 700 to 800 kph Cause great damage Slide 57: Before After Slide 59: Maximum recession of tsunami waters at Kata Noi Beach, Phuket, Thailand, before the 3rd, and strongest, tsunami wave. (2004-Indian Ocean earthquake) Kata Noi Beach, Phuket, Thailand (3rd tsunami wave). : Kata Noi Beach, Phuket, Thailand (3rd tsunami wave). Countries most affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. : Countries most affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Earth’s Interior : Earth’s Interior Earth’s Core : Earth’s Core Inner Core : Inner Core Solid Composed of iron & nickel Temperature reaches 5,000 °C Begins 5150 km (3218.75 m) below the Earth’s surface Distance of inner core is 1300 km (812.5 miles) Outer Core : Outer Core Surrounds the inner core Begins 2900 km (1812.5 m) below the surface Is 2250 km (1406.25 m) thick Composed of molten rock(hot liquid) iron and nickel 2200°C Mesosphere : Mesosphere The transition region between the mantle and the inner core Earth’s Mantle : Earth’s Mantle Mantle: Directly above the outer core Extends to a depth of 2900 km (1812.5 m) below the surface 80% volume of the Earth 68% of the planets mass Moho : Moho Andrija Mohorovoicic Observed a change in speed of seismic waves as they moved through Earth Separates crust from underlying mantle Indicated difference of density Earth’s Crust : Earth’s Crust Thin outermost layer Similar to an apple peel All life exists within a few hundred meters above crust Oceanic Crust : Oceanic Crust Crust beneath the oceans Less than 10 km thick Composed of silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium Continental Crust : Continental Crust Crust beneath the continents Average thickness of 32 km Thicker beneath mountains Composed of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium Lithosphere : Lithosphere Solid topmost part of the Earth 50 to 100 km thick and broken into large plates 7 major plates in the world Asthenosphere : Asthenosphere Directly below the lithosphere 130-160 km thick Contains hot molten material that flows like thick tar Mantle Composition : Mantle Composition Mantle is composed of silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium Density of mantle increases with depth due to higher % of iron Temperature ranges from 870°C to 2200°C Slide 84: Rock in the mantle flows like a thick liquid High temperature and pressure allow solid rock to flow Plasticity: When a solid has the ability to flow