Slide1: Bridges have been built: Is anyone using them? Richard A. Rawson, Ph.D, Professor Supported by: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Pacific Southwest Technology Transfer Center (SAMHSA) United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime


The Problem in 1996: The Problem in 1996 The US Substance Abuse Research and Treatment Systems each spend billions of dollars per year on the problem of substance abuse treatment. However, the efforts have traditionally been completely disconnected. Despite over 30 years of research findings, most treatment services are based on practices developed during the 1950s and 1960s.


U.S. Agencies Involved with Substance Abuse Research and Treatment: U.S. Agencies Involved with Substance Abuse Research and Treatment Research Agencies NIH National Institutes of Health NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism


U.S. Agencies Involved with Substance Abuse Research and Treatment: U.S. Agencies Involved with Substance Abuse Research and Treatment Service Agencies SAMHSA Substance Abuse, Mental Health Services Administration CSAT Center for Substance Abuse Treatment CSAP Center for Substance Abuse Prevention


Traditional “Culture” of U.S. Substance Abuse RESEARCH System: Traditional “Culture” of U.S. Substance Abuse RESEARCH System University-based, academic personnel Minimal community involvement Treatment viewed condescendingly Publish data in professional journals Little systematic attempt to transfer knowledge Topics of research omit clinical concerns


Traditional “Culture” of U.S. Substance Abuse SERVICE Delivery System: Traditional “Culture” of U.S. Substance Abuse SERVICE Delivery System Recovering/paraprofessional staff Minimal connections with academic tradition Personal ideology determines treatment choices Generally anti-medication Uneven and inadequate treatment funding Little attention to data Science viewed as irrelevant


“Bridging the Gap”: A Benchmark : “Bridging the Gap”: A Benchmark Institute of Medicine (1998). S. Lamb, M.R. Greenlick, & D. McCarty, D. (Eds.), Bridging the gap between practice and research: Forging partnerships with community-based drug and alcohol treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.


THE NATIONAL INSTITIUTE ON DRUG ABUSE (NIDA) CLINICAL TRIALS NETWORK (CTN)www.nida.nih.gov/CTN: THE NATIONAL INSTITIUTE ON DRUG ABUSE (NIDA) CLINICAL TRIALS NETWORK (CTN) www.nida.nih.gov/CTN


NIDA Clinical Trials Network (CTN): NIDA Clinical Trials Network (CTN) Mission The mission of the Clinical Trials Network (CTN) is to improve the quality of drug abuse treatment throughout the country using science as the vehicle. The CTN provides an enterprise in which the National Institute on Drug Abuse, treatment researchers, and community-based service providers cooperatively develop, validate, refine, and deliver new treatment options to patients in community-level clinical practice. This unique partnership between community treatment providers and academic research leaders aims to achieve the following objectives: Conducting studies of behavioral, pharmacological, and integrated behavioral and pharmacological treatment interventions of therapeutic effect in rigorous, multi-site clinical trials to determine effectiveness across a broad range of community-based treatment settings and diversified patient populations; and Ensuring the transfer of research results to physicians, clinicians, providers, and patients.


The NIDA CTN: What is it?: The NIDA CTN: What is it? Network Organization The CTN framework consists of seventeen Nodes (Regional Research and Training Centers, linked with five to ten or more Community-based Treatment programs), a Clinical Coordinating Center, and a Data and Statistical Center.  This allows the CTN to provide a broad and powerful infrastructure for rapid, multi-site testing of promising science-based therapies and the subsequent delivery of these treatments to patients in community-based treatment settings across the country.


The Pacific Node of the CTN: The Pacific Node of the CTN The Pacific Region Node is a partnership between the Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles and several community treatment programs in the State. The Pacific Node incorporates researchers and clinicians from throughout California. Many of the clinical networks have been involved in the transfer of research into practice for over a decade


NIDA CTN: How does it work?: NIDA CTN: How does it work? Research concepts are generated at each of the Nodes after discussion between researchers and clinicians. These concepts are proposed to the CTN group and are voted on. Those receiving highest vote go to director of NIDA for approval.


Pacific Region Protocol Involvement: Pacific Region Protocol Involvement PROTOCOL0001 Buprenorphine/Naloxone for Opiate Detoxification - INpatient PROTOCOL0002 Buprenorphine/Naloxone for Opiate Detoxification - OUTpatient PROTOCOL0004 Motivational Enhancement Treatment (MET) PROTOCOL0006 Motivational Incentives - Drug Free Clinics PROTOCOL0007 Motivational Incentives - Methadone Clinics PROTOCOL0008 A Baseline for Investigating Diffusion of Innovation


Pacific Region Protocol Involvement: Pacific Region Protocol Involvement PROTOCOL0009 Smoking Cessation Treatment With Transdermal Nicotine Replacement Therapy In Substance Abuse Rehabilitation Programs PROTOCOL0012 Characteristics of Screening, Evaluation, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C Viral Infection, and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs PROTOCOL0014 Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) For Adolescent Drug Abusers


Pacific Region Protocol Involvement: Pacific Region Protocol Involvement PROTOCOL0018 Reducing HIV/STD Risk Behaviors: A Research Study for Men in Drug Abuse Treatment PROTOCOL0019 Reducing HIV/STD Risk Behaviors: A Research Study for Women in Drug Abuse Treatment PROTOCOL0027 Starting Treatment with Agonist Replacement Therapies – START PROTOCOL0030 Prescription Opioid Addiction Treatment Study (POATS)


CTN: Strengths: CTN: Strengths Has provided a true forum for researchers and clinicians to interact cooperatively and collaboratively Has generated a significant amount of new published research Research and surrounding publications do appear to be promoting some transfer of research to practice in CTN-affiliated treatment organizations Annual “Blending” Conference and Journal


CTN: Limitations (opinion): CTN: Limitations (opinion) Extremely expensive Extremely bureaucratic and committee heavy Productivity not commensurate with budget Bi-directionality of effort is only moderately successful (mostly researcher driven) Impact on the larger US treatment system is unknown


Running the Trials is not enough: Running the Trials is not enough Diffusion of Innovations. 4th Edition Everett M. Rogers - 1995 - New York: Free Press


Research Questions: Research Questions NIDA’s CTN offers an important opportunity to examine if and how inter-organizational relationships promote innovation adoption Focus on buprenorphine and voucher-based motivational incentives Are CTPs in the CTN protocols significantly more likely to adopt bup and/or vouchers? Is “trialability” a predictor of adoption? Does membership in the CTN confer advantages to CTPs that are not involved in these protocols? Is “exposure” a predictor of adoption?


Adoption of Buprenorphine: Adoption of Buprenorphine CTPs that participated in the buprenorphine trials were significantly more likely to have adopted buprenorphine than CTPs not in the trials and non-CTN centers


Logistic Regression Model of Buprenorphine Adoption: Logistic Regression Model of Buprenorphine Adoption Controlling for other organizational factors: CTPs in the buprenorphine protocols were 5.2 times more likely to use buprenorphine (at the 6-month follow-up) than non-CTN programs (p<.01) Other significant predictors, net of effects of CTN exposure: Center offers detox services (O.R. = 3.59) Center has a physician on staff or contract (O.R. = 3.94) The percentage of primary opiate clients (O.R. = 1.009)


Adoption of Voucher-Based Motivational Incentives: Adoption of Voucher-Based Motivational Incentives These differences in adoption were not statistically significant


Discussion: Discussion The ability to compare CTN vs. non-CTN centers provides a unique opportunity to examine a variety of factors that influence innovative behavior and the adoption of evidence-based practices at the organizational level. The longitudinal design of these studies will allow for observation of continued trends in adoption of these techniques. Future research is planned to examine the use of MET and motivational interviewing in CTN and non-CTN samples.


From a clinical trial to technology transfer: From a clinical trial to technology transfer S. Kellogg, M. Burns, P. Coleman, M. Stitzer, J. Wale, M. Jeanne Kreek, M.D. Something of value: The introduction of contingency management interventions into the New York City Health and Hospital Addiction Treatment Service.  Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005, Volume 28, Issue 1, Pages 57-65


The NIDA Methamphetamine Clinical Trials Group (MCTG): The NIDA Methamphetamine Clinical Trials Group (MCTG)


MCTG: The Problem: MCTG: The Problem NIDA has a desire to speed up the development of medications for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorders. Too few research groups available in areas of the US with extensive methamphetamine use. As complexity of medication testing and regulatory system becomes more complex it is difficult for new investigators to initiate research


MCTG: The Solution: MCTG: The Solution Establish a training/coordinating center to train, organize and monitor sites. Establish a set of medication testing sites in regions with extensive methamphetamine use and an MD and team that can conduct trials. Decide on a medication(s) and protocol for study Initiate studies


Methamphetamine Clinical Trials Group: Methamphetamine Clinical Trials Group UCLA is the coordinating center for clinical studies 5 Sites participate on a contractual basis Primary focus-reduction of methamphetamine use All trials use a behavioral platform for all treated subjects


Slide29: Division of Treatment Research & Development 19 September 2000 Methamphetamine Clinical Trials Group (MCTG) Los Angeles, CA UCLA Coordinating Center Richard Rawson, PI


MCTG Studies: MCTG Studies Behavioral Platform Study (Completed Oct, 2002). (N=60) Ondansetron Study ( Completed Dec 1, 2003. (N=120 Bupropion Study (Completed June 1, 2005) (N=120) Topirimate Study (Underway, projected completion, April 1, 2007 (N=120) Modafinal Study (Projected to begin April 2007)


MCTG: Accomplishments: MCTG: Accomplishments Transferred state-of-the-art clinical trials methods to clinical sites with no previous research experience. Successful conducted 3 studies to date with one (bupropion) showing significant promise Sites now are capable of applying for independent research funding


Slide32: Process Improvement 101 Reduce Waiting & No-Shows  Increase Admissions & Continuation


Why Process Improvement?: Why Process Improvement? Customers are served by processes 85% of customer related problems are caused by organizational processes To better serve customers, organizations must improve processes


NIATx Four Project Aims: NIATx Four Project Aims Reduce Waiting Times Reduce No-Shows Increase Admissions Increase Continuation Rates


NIATx Results: NIATx Results Reduce Waiting Times: 51% reduction (37 agencies reporting) Reduce No-Shows: 41% reduction (28 agencies reporting) Increase Admissions: 56% increase (23 agencies reporting) Increase Continuation: 39% increase (39 agencies reporting)


Slide36: Five Key Principles Evidence-based predictors of change Understand & Involve the Customer Focus on Key Problems Select the Right Change Agent Seek Ideas from Outside the Field and Organization Do Rapid-Cycle Testing


Understand and Involve the Customer: Most important of all the Principles What is it like to be a customer? Staff are customers, too! Walk-through, focus groups… Understand and Involve the Customer


Focus on Key Problems: Focus on Key Problems What is keeping the executive director awake at night? What processes have staff and customers identified as barriers to excellent service?


Detour 1: Detour 1 Unclear purpose! Where are you going? How will you know you have arrived?


Aim Statement: Aim Statement Example Improve 30-day continuation rates from 30% to 80% in outpatient services. Need Target Scope of work


Detour 2: Detour 2 No feedback! Need a tracking measure. Have a simple measure.


Slide42: California’s Proposition 36:Did it Work?


Slide43: The Problem: California Prison Population, Drug Offenses, 1980-2000 Source: California Department of Corrections.


Increase in California Prison Population, Drug Offenses, 1970-1999Rate per 100,000 Population: Increase in California Prison Population, Drug Offenses, 1970-1999 Rate per 100,000 Population Source: California Department of Corrections.


Slide45: Solutions?


Proposition 36Substance Abuse & Crime Prevention Act (SACPA): Proposition 36 Substance Abuse & Crime Prevention Act (SACPA) 2000 Ballot Measure: Passed by 61% of California voters in 2000 Authorized $600,000,000 in new funds for implementation. 2001-2006. Drug offenses: Non-sales, non-manufacturing. Restrictions on offenders with histories of serious or violent crimes Results in community supervision and treatment instead of: Incarceration or supervision without treatment


2000 Proposition 36 Ballot Wording:: 2000 Proposition 36 Ballot Wording: Proposition 36. Drugs. Probation and Treatment Program. Requires probation and drug treatment, not incarceration, for possession, use, transportation of controlled substances and similar parole violations, except sale or manufacture. Authorizes dismissal of charges after completion of treatment.


Result: Result 6,199,992 / 60.8% Yes votes 3,991,153 / 39.2% No votes Proposition 36 passed and was enacted as the: Substance Abuse & Crime Prevention Act (SACPA)


Pipeline: Arrest or Parole Violation Treatment Conviction and Court Order of Probation and Treatment; or Parole Referral Treatment Completion Conviction Dismissed (probation) Assessment No shows No shows Repeated violation and dropouts Ineligible No petition, petition denied Attrition Pipeline


ImplementationShow Rates: Implementation Show Rates


Client Characteristics: Client Characteristics Half use methamphetamines Half used primary drug more than 10 years Half are in treatment for first time


Treatment Summary: Treatment Summary 34% of clients who enter treatment complete it Most clients are sent to outpatient treatment Heroin users rarely get methadone treatment Heroin users are least likely to complete


Slide53: Re-offending New Arrests One Year After Offense, Year 1 (7/01 - 6/02) Population


Slide54: Any Work in the Past 30 Days a,b Group differences are statistically significant, p = .04. Pre-post differences (not shown) are all statistically significant, p <.0001.


Slide55: Any Drug Use in the Past 30 Days Group differences are statistically significant. ap<.05, bp<.02.


Outcome Summary: Effect of SACPA As Policy: Outcome Summary: Effect of SACPA As Policy SACPA-era offenders have more drug arrests in the initial 12 months Initial re-offending is affected by differences in incarceration rates Violent re-offending is low in all groups


What about costs?: What about costs?


Slide58: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Notes: Figure provides a summary of cost offsets. The zero-line can be interpreted as cost neutral. Any bar above the line represents a cost increase and any bar below the line represents a cost saving.


Slide59: COSTS UNDER SACPA Savings primarily from prison, jail reductions. Cost increases primarily from increased treatment, new crimes. Costs are $2,861 per offender lower than what we would expect in the absence of SACPA. Benefit-to-cost ratio of about 2.5:1. For treatment completers, the cost savings reflect a benefit-to-cost ratio of about 4:1


Slide60: KEY COST ANALYSIS FINDINGS Substantially reduced incarceration costs. Greater cost savings for some offenders than for others Can be improved


Slide61: California Prison Population, Drug Offenses, 1980-2000 Source: California Department of Corrections.


Slide62: California Prison Population, Drug Offenses, 1980-2004 Source: California Department of Corrections.


Conclusion: Conclusion 70% of referrals have entered treatment Methamphetamine is the most common drug Half are in treatment for the first time 34% of clients have completed treatment Initial re-offending is lowest for completers Employment is highest for completers Abstinence is highest for completers, but overall drug use outcomes are uneven


Prop 26 (SACPA): Is it good policy?: Prop 26 (SACPA): Is it good policy? Approximately 200,000 individuals will have received treatment over program Final report currently in process Fiscal impact appears quite positive No group has come out to revoke SACPA Disagreements concern exact provisions Failure to pass revised SACPA provisions could result in funding responsibility being passed on to counties.


UNODC International Network of Treatment and Rehabilitation Resource Centres: UNODC International Network of Treatment and Rehabilitation Resource Centres


Recognizing and Addressing the Need to Expand Training and Treatment Capacity to Address Substance Abuse Problems: Recognizing and Addressing the Need to Expand Training and Treatment Capacity to Address Substance Abuse Problems There is a need for trained professionals to deliver effective rehabilitation and harm reduction interventions for substance abuse and dependence around the world The paucity of properly trained professional is a barrier to the development and delivery of effective treatment services, especially regarding underserved and inappropriately served populations of drug abusers, including women and children There is a worldwide shortage of qualified training experts and educational settings in which drug abuse treatment training is provided, particularly in developing regions   A goal of this training effort is to train clinicians and educate academics who will train additional professionals to address the problems of drug abuse in an empirically rational method


Capacity Building Plan: Capacity Building Plan In short, the goal of the capacity building plan is to increase the number of personnel who can disseminate and promote the use of effective, scientifically-supported and practical drug abuse treatment practices around the world.


Treatnet Members: Treatnet Members RS Ketergantungan Obat The Drug Dependence Hospital, Indonesia Iranian National Prison Organisation /Iranian National Centre for Addiction Studies INCAS, Iran National Research and Clinical Centre on Medical and Social Problems of Drug, Kazakhstan Drug Rehabilitation Unit, Mathari Hospital, Kenya Centros de Integración Juvenil A.C., Mexico Neuropsychiatric Hospital Aro, Nigeria


Treatnet Members: Treatnet Members Shanghai Drug Abuse Treatment Centre, China Carisma Centre for Attention and Integral Mental Health, Colombia General Secretariat of Mental Health, Egypt TT Ranganathan Clinical Research Foundation, India Regional Research Centre of Narcology and Psychopharmacology affiliated to St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, Russia Psychosocial Attention Centre for Alcohol and other Drugs, Brazil


Treatnet Members: Treatnet Members Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre Inc., Australia Centre for Addiction and Mental Health CAMH, Canada Mudra, Germany Asociación Proyecto Hombre, Spain Maria Ungdom, Sweden Cranstoun Drug Services, United Kingdom Fayette Companies, U.S.A. Stanley Street Treatment & Resources (SSTAR) Inc., U.S.A.


Capacity Building Plan for UNODC Treatnet Program: What are we trying to do?: Capacity Building Plan for UNODC Treatnet Program: What are we trying to do? The purpose of the capacity building component for the UNODC Treatnet Program is to develop a set of training materials and a training plan for trainers from 20 Resource Centres established by UNODC. To accomplish this task, we will: 1. Conduct a training needs assessment. 2. Determine priority training/skill development topics. 3. Create a set of training modules to address #2. 4. Conduct a set of training, supervision and mentoring activities with two trainers from each of the resource centres. 5. Collect information to contribute to the project evaluation.


Need Assessment: A Brief Summary: Need Assessment: A Brief Summary The following topics received the most interest. Motivational Interviewing Relapse Prevention (CBT) Assessment Program management Outreach strategies Youth Building Service Networks Family Co-occurring Drugs and the brain Brief interventions Outpatient treatments Harm minimization Basic knowledge of drugs Research and evaluation methods


Summary: Summary The issue of research practice integration has been a priority in the US for almost a decade. Major initiatives have been established to cross the research-practice gap. Clinicians are more aware of research value and findings Quality research can be done in clinical service delivery settings It continues to be a challenging, expensive, time consuming process


THANK YOU: THANK YOU RRAWSON@MEDNET.UCLA.EDU WWW.UCLAISAP.ORG