Chapt 10 Revolt and Reform

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Chapter 10: Revolt and Reform: 

Chapter 10: Revolt and Reform Divisions in the Body of Christ

Overview:: 

Overview: Change always present in the history of the church Dramatic and radical change in 1500’s Nationalism was high Church seen as corrupt Dissenting groups took whole nations with them when they left the Roman Catholic Church

Indulgences:: 

Indulgences: Originally: meant to offer Christians a way of doing good as penance for their sins People saw them as magically ridding sin without effort on their part Practice soon became corrupted

John Tetzel:: 

John Tetzel: Dominican friar Sold indulgences as a way to raise money to complete St. Peter’s Basilica Raised money for German Prince-Archbishop Albert Sold indulgences by using fear of burning pains of Purgatory

Slide5: 

Certificates purchased with a blank space for name Presented to a priest Granted absolution from all sins and punishments

Martin Luther:: 

Martin Luther: 1483 – 1546 Augustinian priest, monk, and scholar Monastery: Wittenberg, Germany Protestant Reformation begins in 1517 with Luther’s letter to Prince-Archbishop Albert Luther’s letter was an innocent attempt at addressing the use of indulgences

Ninety-Five Theses: 

Ninety-Five Theses The name of Luther’s letter to Albert Statements about: Sin and forgiveness Meaning of indulgences Pope’s power to grant indulgences Addressed misunderstanding of laity Indulgence guarantees contrary to Catholic teaching/theology Aroused discussion among Saxony citizens

Luther’s beliefs:: 

Luther’s beliefs: Faith and trust in God necessary for salvation Faith is given by the grace of God Too heavy reliance on practices that guaranteed salvation Needed to remember the message of Jesus Attend Mass, go to confession & Communion (rare in those days)

Indulgences received by:: 

Indulgences received by: Long prayers in church, hymns and processions Visits to shrines Participating in the Crusades Collecting relics

People’s concerns:: 

People’s concerns: Theological soundness of Luther’s beliefs How the church used the money it raised via indulgences Why did money from a country’s citizens go to build a basilica in Rome? Pope have the authority to grant indulgences? Bible authentic source of Truth?

Rome’s involvement to resolve:: 

Rome’s involvement to resolve: Pope Leo X more concerned with maintaining ostentatious lifestyle to interfere with a quarrel amongst monks Duke Frederick of Saxony protected Luther while maintaining neutrality Happy about attention/publicity Saxony and the University of Wittenberg was getting from Luther’s publicity

Support & Detraction: : 

Support & Detraction: Large following and support spreads widely in Saxony Others accuse Luther of heresy Denying the Pope’s authority to grant indulgences Called to Rome by the Curia to answer charges of heresy German emperor calls for Luther’s excommunication

Luther’s Response:: 

Luther’s Response: Initially wanted to write letter to Leo X to discuss Christian teachings and assure his loyalty to the pope Wrote an answer to heresy charges On Papal authority On grace vs works On the Bible as the Sole Supreme Authority

Papal Authority:: 

Papal Authority: Pope & his councils not the final authority on matters of faith Only Scriptures were authoritative Pope’s authority was not given by God Peter’s authority could not be handed down Shocking!

Grace vs Works:: 

Grace vs Works: Salvation is through the grace of Jesus Christ Grace gives people faith Human efforts = “works” Salvation then is a gift Erasmus and Thomas More also critical of indulgences….but stayed with the church Leo X clarifies indulgences which leads to halt in sales Luther’s ideas incorporated in Council of Trent 1600’s

Bible as the Sole Supreme Authority:: 

Bible as the Sole Supreme Authority: Luther believed that the Bible was the only supreme authority in a Christians’ life Rome believed that the Bible AND church Tradition had equivalent authority

Luther Excommunicated: 

Luther Excommunicated Charles V elected emperor of Roman Empire Roman Curia excommunicate Luther Pope Leo X signs the document and gives Luther 60 days to either reverse his teachings or accept excommunication Luther had strong support in German towns

Slide18: 

His writings were burned in towns who supported the Church Luther does not back down and his excommunication stands By secular law, all heretics had to be arrested and punished (burned at the stake) Luther was kidnapped by his friend: Duke Frederick and was kept safe in Frederick’s castle While in hiding: Luther translates Bible from Latin to German >Xian authority

Luther’s Beliefs: : 

Luther’s Beliefs: Luther intended to reform not divide the Church 3 sacraments instead of 7 in scripture (baptism, Eucharist, and penance) Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist Discredited relics, indulgences, veneration of saints, rosary, anything not in the Bible Did not believe in celibacy for priests He considered himself Catholic…the Church did not

Philipp Melanchthon:: 

Philipp Melanchthon: Friend of Luther’s 1530 wrote: Augsburg Confession He tried to show that Catholics and Luther’s followers agreed on most important truths of faith …that the 2 sides could compromise Catholic theologians disagreed  Lutheran church emerged

Augsburg Confession: 

Augsburg Confession Used today as the faith statement of the Lutheran church 1530 is considered the beginning of the Protestant churches

Luther’s Impact:: 

Luther’s Impact: Peasant’s Revolt 1524 – 1525 Catholicism practiced everywhere Lutheranism only in places it where already in existence Lutherans protest decision  Protestants Fighting between Catholics and Lutherans Peace of Augsburg (1555) local rulers could choose the religion of their domain

Calvinism: 

Calvinism Frenchman, John Calvin (1509-1564) Believed in supreme authority of the Bible He rejected the Catholic format of the Mass He did not believe in the presence of Christ in the Eucharist Persecution of Protestants  fled to Switzerland “The Institutes of the Christian Religion” faith and belief statement

Protestant Movement in Switzerland: 

Protestant Movement in Switzerland Switzerland Protestant movement by Zwingli that also departed from Luther’s idea….in Zurich Calvin starts a university in Geneva and also established a theocracy Intolerance and strict laws Irony: he protests Catholicism but becomes intolerant to those who oppose or protest his laws/rules

Predestination: 

Predestination Central to Calvinism God had complete foreknowledge of events and marked certain people for heaven and the rest for hell. God not only knew the destiny of each person but “willed” it. No one could do anything to change it.

Henry VIII: 

Henry VIII Remains Catholic….”Defender of the Faith” ….renounces Luther Politics get in the way….Henry wants an annulment because his wife (Catherine) does not bear him a son…..someone to succeed him on the throne Pope Clement VII refuses d/t politics: Marriage valid Roman Emperor Charles V….was nephew of Catherine

Solution to problem:: 

Solution to problem: Henry declares himself the head of the state-sponsored Church of England (Anglican Church) and pulls away from the Catholic Church All English clergy report to him….he orders the annullment Married 6 x’s to get a son….divorces or executes his wives USA descendants  Episcopalians