support-system-in-animals-and-plants (2)

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CHAPTER 8 : SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT: 

CHAPTER 8 : SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

Support Systems in Animals: 

Support Systems in Animals Support system in humans and animals is called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM

Slide 4: 

FUNCTIONS OF ENDOSKELETON

Slide 5: 

FUNCTIONS OF EXOSKELETON

HUMAN SUPPORT SYSTEM: 

HUMAN SUPPORT SYSTEM

Animal support system: 

Animal support system

Slide 10: 

Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton. Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that of the aquatic animal vertebrate system. Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles to support their body weight Four-legged animals : Backbone either curve upwards or downwards . Enables backbone to withstand any heavy load acting on the animal. Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals

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Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle

Slide 12: 

Birds : Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is lighter. Advantages of hollow bones : Lighter Requires less calcium and phosphorous for its formation. Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals

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Examples : Whales, dolphins Smaller,lighter , and more flexible endoskeleton than land vertebrates. Pectoral and pelvic support that is smaller and lighter. Most of body weight is supported by buoyancy of the water. Support System of Aquatic Vertebrate Animals

Slide 14: 

Endoskeletons of aquatic vertebrates have streamlined shapes. The shape helps them to speed up movement in water. Support System of Aquatic Vertebrate Animals

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COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

Slide 16: 

COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

Slide 17: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR INVERTEBRATES Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Its body is supported by : External skeletal system (exoskeleton) Body fluids (hydrostatic skeletons)

Slide 18: 

EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or shell. Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin (made up of cuticle) : Crabs, centipedes, prawns and scorpions. Examples of invertebrates with hard shell (made up of calcium carbonate) : Snails, shellfish

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EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle. Cuticle is made of chitin ( shinny,hard and impermeable to water). Chitin prevent water loss. Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.

EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES: 

EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES Some invertebrates such as crabs and insects grow by moutling or shedding their old exoskeleton. This process is called as ecdysis or moulting .

Slide 21: 

HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS OF INVERTEBRATES L eeches, worms and octopus do not have exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft. Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic skeleton system) as support system. The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.

Slide 22: 

COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

Slide 23: 

COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

Slide 24: 

COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Slide 26: 

Support system of plants are different based on the type of plant.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS Woody Plants Examples: rubber tree, durian tree, rambutan tree, and teak tree Woody stems have an outer layer of material called bark . Which provides support. Supported by woody tissues (inside the stem or trunk). Most of the woody plants are tall.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS Non-woody Plants Examples: roses, bougainvillea. Supported by turgid cells.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS Buttress Roots Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees, and yellow flame trees. Occurs at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the soil.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS Buttress Roots

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS CLASPING ROOTS Examples : money plant, certain wild orchid. Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS CLASPING Roots

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS Aquatic Plants Examples: yam, water lily and lotus. Supported by water buoyancy. Have soft stems that have air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface. Aquatic plants that live in the water have fine leaves.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS: 

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS Aquatic Plants