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Premium member Presentation Transcript CKD-pre dialysis management: CKD-pre dialysis management Shruthi KChronic kidney disease : Chronic kidney disease Global health problem Rising incidence – doubled in last 15 years In India – 0nly 10% of patients with ESRD have access to RRTCKD-definition : CKD-definition GFR ≤ 60ml/min/1.73m that is present for ≥ 3months with or without evidence of kidney damage OR Evidence of kidney damage with or without decreased GFR that is present for ≥ 3months as evidenced by Microalbuminuria Proteinuria Glomerular haematuria Pathological abnormalities (e.g. abnormal biopsy) Anatomical abnormalities (e.g. scarring seen on imaging or polycystic kidneys)Pre dialysis management – Why? : Pre dialysis management – Why? Optimal pre-dialysis care improve Morbidity Mortality Dialysis and transplantation outcomeCKD Predicts CVD: CKD Predicts CVD Age-Standardized Rate of Cardiovascular Events (per 100 person-yr) Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)Early Treatment Makes a Difference: Early Treatment Makes a Difference Brenner, et al., 2001Goal : Goal To establish diagnosis Rule out reversible causes Slow down progression Evaluate and treat complications Treat co-morbidities Reduce cardiovascular risk Prepare for replacement therapy Select & start renal replacement therapy at appropriate timeManagement : Management Treatment of reversible causes Preventing or slowing the progression of disease Treatment of the complications Identification and adequate preparation of the patient in whom renal replacement therapy will be requiredTreatment of reversible causes : Treatment of reversible causes Decreased renal perfusion Hypovolemia (such as vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use, bleeding) Hypotension (due to myocardial dysfunction or pericardial disease) Infection /sepsis Drugs which lower the GFR Urinary tract obstructionSlowing the rate of progression: Slowing the rate of progression Proteinuria < 1 gm/day or at least 60% of baseline values Optimal level of protein intake Not been determined 0.8 to 1.0 g/kg/day ACEI/ARB Smoking cessationPowerPoint Presentation: Blood pressure <130/80mmHg <125/75mmHg if proteinuria >1g/day Salt restriction Antihypertensives ACE,diuretics,CCB ExerciseTreatment of complications: Treatment of complications Volume overload Salt restriction Loop diureticsPowerPoint Presentation: Hyperkalemia Develops in the patient who is oliguric or who has an additional problem such as a high potassium diet, increased tissue breakdown, or hypoaldosteronism Low K+ diet – 40 to 70meq / day Avoid NSAIDsPowerPoint Presentation: Metabolic acidosis Due to Decreased ability to regenerate bicarbonate Reduced ammonia production Decreased hydrogen ion secretion Decreased filtration of titrable acids – sulphate, phosphate, urate, hippurates Decreased proximal tubular re-absorption of bicarbonatePowerPoint Presentation: Treatment of academia is desirable Bicarbonate supplementation may slow the progression of CKD Bone buffering of the some of the excess hydrogen ion is associated with the release of calcium and phosphate from bone, contributing to worsening of renal osteodystrophy Uremia acidosis can increase skeletal muscle breakdown and diminish albumin synthesis leading to loss of lean body mass and muscles weakness- contributing to malnutritionPowerPoint Presentation: Therapy is targeted to maintain serum bicarbonate concentration above 23 mEq/Lit Drug of choice : sodium bicarbonate < 0.5-1.0 mEq/kg/dayPowerPoint Presentation: Hyperphosphatemia Diet restriction : 800mg/day GFR<25 to 30 ml/min: oral phosphate binders Stage 3 & 4 : between 2.7 and 4.6 mg/dL Stage 5 : between 3.5 and 5.5 mg/dLPowerPoint Presentation: Renal osteodystrophy High phosphate load and hypocalcemia stimulate PTH secretion Leads to sec hyper parathyroidism which increases bone resorptionTreatment : Treatment Control serum phosphate CKD stage-specific target levels of intact PTH CKD stage 3: treat elevated PTH to target 35-70pg/ml CKD stage 4 to target 70-110 pg/ml CKD stage 5 to target 150-300 pg/ml Next step is assessment of 25-(OH)D levels and replacement with vitamin D (ergocalciferol) if levels are lower than 30 ng/mL.PowerPoint Presentation: If the intact PTH level is elevated and the serum 25-(OH)D level is higher than 30 ng/mL, treatment with an active form of vitamin D is indicated Available options Calcitriol Alfacalcidol DoxecalciferolPowerPoint Presentation: Cinacalcet Calcimimetic Used if elevated phosphorus/Ca limit use of vit DHypertension : Hypertension Cause and complication of CKD Target <130/80 or <125 /75 mmHg if proteinuria is >1 gm /day or diabetes is + Non pharmacological Lifestyle modification Salt restriction Exercise,weight reduction Diet Smoking cessation etc….PowerPoint Presentation: Pharmacological May require 3 or more drugs Diabetes & proteinuria : treat with ACEI /ARB as 1 st line therapy Monitor Creatinine & K+ on day 3 ,7 &weekly Loop and thiazide diuretics as an adjunct therapy CVD: beta blockers CCBs Alpha blockers : prazosin,doxazosin followed by direct vascular smooth muscle relaxant minoxidil is consideredAnemia : Anemia Caused by insufficient erythropoietin production ,short life span of RBCs , iron deficiency Target Hb: 10 to 12gm% Correct iron deficiency EPO : 80 to 120units/kg/wk Alternative : darbepoietin alfa Longer acting agent Dose: 0.45µg/kg s/c once a weekPreparation for RRT: Preparation for RRT Counselling HD,peritoneal dialysis / renal transplant If not for transplant : vascular access should be created in preferably native AV fistula in CKD stage 4 Venous preservation should start from stage 2 or 3 Vaccinate against hep B, pneumococcal and H influenza infection Drug dosage according to eGFR , avoid contrast You 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CKD-pre dialysis management shruthi2 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Copy Does not support media & animations WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 264 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: April 22, 2012 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript CKD-pre dialysis management: CKD-pre dialysis management Shruthi KChronic kidney disease : Chronic kidney disease Global health problem Rising incidence – doubled in last 15 years In India – 0nly 10% of patients with ESRD have access to RRTCKD-definition : CKD-definition GFR ≤ 60ml/min/1.73m that is present for ≥ 3months with or without evidence of kidney damage OR Evidence of kidney damage with or without decreased GFR that is present for ≥ 3months as evidenced by Microalbuminuria Proteinuria Glomerular haematuria Pathological abnormalities (e.g. abnormal biopsy) Anatomical abnormalities (e.g. scarring seen on imaging or polycystic kidneys)Pre dialysis management – Why? : Pre dialysis management – Why? Optimal pre-dialysis care improve Morbidity Mortality Dialysis and transplantation outcomeCKD Predicts CVD: CKD Predicts CVD Age-Standardized Rate of Cardiovascular Events (per 100 person-yr) Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)Early Treatment Makes a Difference: Early Treatment Makes a Difference Brenner, et al., 2001Goal : Goal To establish diagnosis Rule out reversible causes Slow down progression Evaluate and treat complications Treat co-morbidities Reduce cardiovascular risk Prepare for replacement therapy Select & start renal replacement therapy at appropriate timeManagement : Management Treatment of reversible causes Preventing or slowing the progression of disease Treatment of the complications Identification and adequate preparation of the patient in whom renal replacement therapy will be requiredTreatment of reversible causes : Treatment of reversible causes Decreased renal perfusion Hypovolemia (such as vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic use, bleeding) Hypotension (due to myocardial dysfunction or pericardial disease) Infection /sepsis Drugs which lower the GFR Urinary tract obstructionSlowing the rate of progression: Slowing the rate of progression Proteinuria < 1 gm/day or at least 60% of baseline values Optimal level of protein intake Not been determined 0.8 to 1.0 g/kg/day ACEI/ARB Smoking cessationPowerPoint Presentation: Blood pressure <130/80mmHg <125/75mmHg if proteinuria >1g/day Salt restriction Antihypertensives ACE,diuretics,CCB ExerciseTreatment of complications: Treatment of complications Volume overload Salt restriction Loop diureticsPowerPoint Presentation: Hyperkalemia Develops in the patient who is oliguric or who has an additional problem such as a high potassium diet, increased tissue breakdown, or hypoaldosteronism Low K+ diet – 40 to 70meq / day Avoid NSAIDsPowerPoint Presentation: Metabolic acidosis Due to Decreased ability to regenerate bicarbonate Reduced ammonia production Decreased hydrogen ion secretion Decreased filtration of titrable acids – sulphate, phosphate, urate, hippurates Decreased proximal tubular re-absorption of bicarbonatePowerPoint Presentation: Treatment of academia is desirable Bicarbonate supplementation may slow the progression of CKD Bone buffering of the some of the excess hydrogen ion is associated with the release of calcium and phosphate from bone, contributing to worsening of renal osteodystrophy Uremia acidosis can increase skeletal muscle breakdown and diminish albumin synthesis leading to loss of lean body mass and muscles weakness- contributing to malnutritionPowerPoint Presentation: Therapy is targeted to maintain serum bicarbonate concentration above 23 mEq/Lit Drug of choice : sodium bicarbonate < 0.5-1.0 mEq/kg/dayPowerPoint Presentation: Hyperphosphatemia Diet restriction : 800mg/day GFR<25 to 30 ml/min: oral phosphate binders Stage 3 & 4 : between 2.7 and 4.6 mg/dL Stage 5 : between 3.5 and 5.5 mg/dLPowerPoint Presentation: Renal osteodystrophy High phosphate load and hypocalcemia stimulate PTH secretion Leads to sec hyper parathyroidism which increases bone resorptionTreatment : Treatment Control serum phosphate CKD stage-specific target levels of intact PTH CKD stage 3: treat elevated PTH to target 35-70pg/ml CKD stage 4 to target 70-110 pg/ml CKD stage 5 to target 150-300 pg/ml Next step is assessment of 25-(OH)D levels and replacement with vitamin D (ergocalciferol) if levels are lower than 30 ng/mL.PowerPoint Presentation: If the intact PTH level is elevated and the serum 25-(OH)D level is higher than 30 ng/mL, treatment with an active form of vitamin D is indicated Available options Calcitriol Alfacalcidol DoxecalciferolPowerPoint Presentation: Cinacalcet Calcimimetic Used if elevated phosphorus/Ca limit use of vit DHypertension : Hypertension Cause and complication of CKD Target <130/80 or <125 /75 mmHg if proteinuria is >1 gm /day or diabetes is + Non pharmacological Lifestyle modification Salt restriction Exercise,weight reduction Diet Smoking cessation etc….PowerPoint Presentation: Pharmacological May require 3 or more drugs Diabetes & proteinuria : treat with ACEI /ARB as 1 st line therapy Monitor Creatinine & K+ on day 3 ,7 &weekly Loop and thiazide diuretics as an adjunct therapy CVD: beta blockers CCBs Alpha blockers : prazosin,doxazosin followed by direct vascular smooth muscle relaxant minoxidil is consideredAnemia : Anemia Caused by insufficient erythropoietin production ,short life span of RBCs , iron deficiency Target Hb: 10 to 12gm% Correct iron deficiency EPO : 80 to 120units/kg/wk Alternative : darbepoietin alfa Longer acting agent Dose: 0.45µg/kg s/c once a weekPreparation for RRT: Preparation for RRT Counselling HD,peritoneal dialysis / renal transplant If not for transplant : vascular access should be created in preferably native AV fistula in CKD stage 4 Venous preservation should start from stage 2 or 3 Vaccinate against hep B, pneumococcal and H influenza infection Drug dosage according to eGFR , avoid contrast