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See all Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Motivation at Work By: Sheeba Rehman Definition of Motivation : Definition of Motivation Motivation – The driving force within individuals by which they attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfill some needs or expectation. The degree to which an individual wants to choose in certain behavior. Motivation as a process.. : Motivation as a process.. It is a process by which a person’s efforts are energized,directed and sustained towards attaining the goal. Energy- A measure of intensity or drive. Direction- Towards organizational goal. Persistence- Exerting effort to achieve goal Motivation works best when individual needs are compatible with organizational goal. Basic model of motivation : Basic model of motivation Needs or expectations Result in Drive force (Behavior or Action) To Achieve Desired Goals Which Provides fulfillments Feedback Motivation is… : Motivation is… Complex Psychological Physical Unique to each and every person Context sensitive Not fully understood Qualities of Motivation : Qualities of Motivation Energizes behavior Directs behavior Enable persistence towards a goal Exists in varying details Six C’s of Motivation.. : Six C’s of Motivation.. Choices collaboration Constructing meaning Consequences Control Challenges Groups of Motivational Theories : Groups of Motivational Theories Internal Suggest that variables within the individual give rise to motivation and behavior Example: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory Process Emphasize the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment Example: Expectancy theory External Focus on environmental elements to explain behavior Example: Two-factor theory Early Theories of Motivation : Early Theories of Motivation Content Theories: Emphasis on what motivates individuals. Maslow’s need Hierarchy Macgregor's Theories X & Y Herzberg’s two factors theory Slide 10: Process Theories of Motivation Emphasis on actual process of motivation. Three needs Theory ( McClelland) Goal-setting Theory Reinforcement Theory Designing Motivating theory Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory : Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory Needs were categories as five levels of lower-higher-order needs. Individual must satisfy lower-level needs before they can satisfy higher order needs. Satisfied needs will no longer motivate. Motivating a person depends on knowing at what level that a person is on the hierarchy. Slide 12: POTENCY of NEEDS The needs are INNATE, but they are not of equal potency (strength). They are arranged in a hierarchy of potency. AN INDIVIDUAL IS MOTIVATED BY HER/HIS MOST POTENT UNSATISFIED NEED Slide 13: HIERARCHY and SEQUENCE What Is a Hierarchy? You must successfully complete (resolve, equilibrate one stage before you go to the next.) How Is Hierarchy Related To Sequence? All hierarchical theories are sequential, but not all sequential theories are hierarchical. Hierarchy of Needs : Hierarchy of Needs Lover order ( External ) : Physiological and safety needs Higher order ( Internal ) : Social, Esteem, and Self-actualization Physiological needs Safety Needs Social Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs McGregor’s Theory X and Y : McGregor’s Theory X and Y Theory X Assume that workers have little ambition,dislike work, avoid responsibility,and require close supervision. Theory Y Assumes that workers can exercise self-direction,desire, responsibility, and like to work. Assumption Motivation is maximized by participative decision making, interesting jobs, and good group relation. Motivational Theories X & Y : Motivational Theories X & Y Social Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory : Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are created y different factors. Hygiene factors- Extrinsic ( Environmental ) factors that create job dissatisfaction. Motivation Factors- Intrinsic ( Psychological ) factors that create job satisfaction. Attempted to explain why job satisfaction does not result in increased performance The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction but rather no satisfaction. Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation : Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation Alderfer’s ERG Theory : Alderfer’s ERG Theory Existence Relatedness Growth McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Achievement : McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Achievement Need for Achievement ( nAch) The desire to excel and succeed McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Power : McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Power Need for Power – ( nPow ) The need to influence the behavior of others. McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Affiliation : McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Affiliation Need for Affiliation – ( nAff ) The desire for interpersonal relationship Motivational Need Theories : Self-actualization Motivational Need Theories Maslow Alderfer McClelland Higher Order Needs Lower Order Needs Esteem self interpersonal Safety & Security interpersonal physical Need for Achievement Need for Power Relatedness Need for Affiliation Existence Growth Belongingness(social & love) Physiological Adams’s Theory of Inequity : Adams’s Theory of Inequity Inequity - the situation in which a person perceives he or she is receiving less than he or she is giving, or is giving less than he or she is receiving Motivational Theory of Social Exchange : Motivational Theory of Social Exchange Equity Outcomes = Outcomes Inputs Inputs Strategies for Resolution of Inequity : Strategies for Resolution of Inequity Alter the person’s outcomes Alter the person’s inputs Alter the comparison other’s outputs Alter the comparison other’s inputs Change who is used as a comparison other Rationalize the inequity Leave the organizational situation New Perspectives on Equity Theory : New Perspectives on Equity Theory Equity Sensitive I prefer an equity ratio equal to that of my comparison other New Perspectives on Equity Theory : New Perspectives on Equity Theory Benevolent I am comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of my comparison other New Perspectives on Equity Theory : New Perspectives on Equity Theory Entitled I am comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of my comparison other Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Key Constructs : Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Key Constructs Valence - value or importance placed on a particular reward Expectancy - belief that effort leads to performance Instrumentality - belief that performance is related to rewards Expectancy Model of Motivation : Expectancy Model of Motivation Performance Reward Effort Effort Perceived effort– performance probability Perceived value of reward Perceived performance– reward probability “If I work hard, will I get the job done?” “What rewards will I get when the job is well done?” “What rewards do I value?” You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Motivation-A key concern for manager...! ! shiiba22 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Dynamic Copy Does not support media & animations Automatically changes to Flash or non-Flash embed WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 6174 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (9) Dislike it (0) Added: May 10, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 10 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: kentkwong2011 (27 month(s) ago) Excellent presentation !!!! Pls send me downloaded version of Powerpoint file on Motivation - Motivation at Work - by Sheeba Rehman at uid8613298@yahoo.com.hk Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: voletramos (27 month(s) ago) please send this ppt on volet_ramos@yahoo.com.. very nice presentation..please... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: veena1975 (32 month(s) ago) Pls send me immediately downloaded version of Powerpoint file on Motivation - Motivation at Work - by Sheeba Rehman at veena@iocl.co.in or or at srishti01@yahoo.com It's very urgent Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: rdx1313 (33 month(s) ago) plz send this ppts to me on jyotikhule07@gmail.com. this is very usefull for me. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: rdx1313 (33 month(s) ago) plz send this ppts to me on jyotikhule07@gmail.com. this is very usefull for me. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Motivation at Work By: Sheeba Rehman Definition of Motivation : Definition of Motivation Motivation – The driving force within individuals by which they attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfill some needs or expectation. The degree to which an individual wants to choose in certain behavior. Motivation as a process.. : Motivation as a process.. It is a process by which a person’s efforts are energized,directed and sustained towards attaining the goal. Energy- A measure of intensity or drive. Direction- Towards organizational goal. Persistence- Exerting effort to achieve goal Motivation works best when individual needs are compatible with organizational goal. Basic model of motivation : Basic model of motivation Needs or expectations Result in Drive force (Behavior or Action) To Achieve Desired Goals Which Provides fulfillments Feedback Motivation is… : Motivation is… Complex Psychological Physical Unique to each and every person Context sensitive Not fully understood Qualities of Motivation : Qualities of Motivation Energizes behavior Directs behavior Enable persistence towards a goal Exists in varying details Six C’s of Motivation.. : Six C’s of Motivation.. Choices collaboration Constructing meaning Consequences Control Challenges Groups of Motivational Theories : Groups of Motivational Theories Internal Suggest that variables within the individual give rise to motivation and behavior Example: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory Process Emphasize the nature of the interaction between the individual and the environment Example: Expectancy theory External Focus on environmental elements to explain behavior Example: Two-factor theory Early Theories of Motivation : Early Theories of Motivation Content Theories: Emphasis on what motivates individuals. Maslow’s need Hierarchy Macgregor's Theories X & Y Herzberg’s two factors theory Slide 10: Process Theories of Motivation Emphasis on actual process of motivation. Three needs Theory ( McClelland) Goal-setting Theory Reinforcement Theory Designing Motivating theory Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory : Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory Needs were categories as five levels of lower-higher-order needs. Individual must satisfy lower-level needs before they can satisfy higher order needs. Satisfied needs will no longer motivate. Motivating a person depends on knowing at what level that a person is on the hierarchy. Slide 12: POTENCY of NEEDS The needs are INNATE, but they are not of equal potency (strength). They are arranged in a hierarchy of potency. AN INDIVIDUAL IS MOTIVATED BY HER/HIS MOST POTENT UNSATISFIED NEED Slide 13: HIERARCHY and SEQUENCE What Is a Hierarchy? You must successfully complete (resolve, equilibrate one stage before you go to the next.) How Is Hierarchy Related To Sequence? All hierarchical theories are sequential, but not all sequential theories are hierarchical. Hierarchy of Needs : Hierarchy of Needs Lover order ( External ) : Physiological and safety needs Higher order ( Internal ) : Social, Esteem, and Self-actualization Physiological needs Safety Needs Social Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs McGregor’s Theory X and Y : McGregor’s Theory X and Y Theory X Assume that workers have little ambition,dislike work, avoid responsibility,and require close supervision. Theory Y Assumes that workers can exercise self-direction,desire, responsibility, and like to work. Assumption Motivation is maximized by participative decision making, interesting jobs, and good group relation. Motivational Theories X & Y : Motivational Theories X & Y Social Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory : Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are created y different factors. Hygiene factors- Extrinsic ( Environmental ) factors that create job dissatisfaction. Motivation Factors- Intrinsic ( Psychological ) factors that create job satisfaction. Attempted to explain why job satisfaction does not result in increased performance The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction but rather no satisfaction. Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation : Motivation–Hygiene Theory of Motivation Alderfer’s ERG Theory : Alderfer’s ERG Theory Existence Relatedness Growth McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Achievement : McClelland’s Need Theory: Need for Achievement Need for Achievement ( nAch) The desire to excel and succeed McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Power : McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Power Need for Power – ( nPow ) The need to influence the behavior of others. McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Affiliation : McClelland’s Need Theory:Need for Affiliation Need for Affiliation – ( nAff ) The desire for interpersonal relationship Motivational Need Theories : Self-actualization Motivational Need Theories Maslow Alderfer McClelland Higher Order Needs Lower Order Needs Esteem self interpersonal Safety & Security interpersonal physical Need for Achievement Need for Power Relatedness Need for Affiliation Existence Growth Belongingness(social & love) Physiological Adams’s Theory of Inequity : Adams’s Theory of Inequity Inequity - the situation in which a person perceives he or she is receiving less than he or she is giving, or is giving less than he or she is receiving Motivational Theory of Social Exchange : Motivational Theory of Social Exchange Equity Outcomes = Outcomes Inputs Inputs Strategies for Resolution of Inequity : Strategies for Resolution of Inequity Alter the person’s outcomes Alter the person’s inputs Alter the comparison other’s outputs Alter the comparison other’s inputs Change who is used as a comparison other Rationalize the inequity Leave the organizational situation New Perspectives on Equity Theory : New Perspectives on Equity Theory Equity Sensitive I prefer an equity ratio equal to that of my comparison other New Perspectives on Equity Theory : New Perspectives on Equity Theory Benevolent I am comfortable with an equity ratio less than that of my comparison other New Perspectives on Equity Theory : New Perspectives on Equity Theory Entitled I am comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of my comparison other Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Key Constructs : Expectancy Theory of Motivation: Key Constructs Valence - value or importance placed on a particular reward Expectancy - belief that effort leads to performance Instrumentality - belief that performance is related to rewards Expectancy Model of Motivation : Expectancy Model of Motivation Performance Reward Effort Effort Perceived effort– performance probability Perceived value of reward Perceived performance– reward probability “If I work hard, will I get the job done?” “What rewards will I get when the job is well done?” “What rewards do I value?”