Copy of Evaluation and Characterization of Potable Water of Mansehra

Evaluation and Characterization of Potable Water of Mansehra City in Post Earthquake 2005 Scenario : 

1 Evaluation and Characterization of Potable Water of Mansehra City in Post Earthquake 2005 Scenario Presented by: Sheeba ShoukatDepartment :Environmental sciencesCOMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad

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2 Research Supervisor: Dr. Rubina Farooq Associate Professor Co Supervisors: Dr Abdur Rehman Professor Dr Arshid Pervez Assistant Professor Dr Amjad Hassan Assistant Professor Dr Bahadar Nawab Assistant Professor

INTRODUCTION : 

3 INTRODUCTION Importance of water Life Human body Healthy population 80% illness

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4 The quality parameters for the assessment of water are: Physical parameters pH Electricity Conductivity Dissolved Oxygen Turbidity Total Dissolved Solid

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5 Chemical Parameters: Total Hardness as CaCO3 Calcium as CaCO3 Magnesium as CaCO3 Nitrite (NO2) Nitrate (NO3) Total Phosphate Chloride

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6 Biological Parameter Total Coliform

pH : 

7 pH pH higher than 8.5 in human & animals it causes irritation of eyes (Darrow, K.H, 2002)

Electrical Conductivity : 

8 Electrical Conductivity Electrical Conductivity is the measure of salt concentration Excessive salinity produces: laxative effects corrosion of pipes it also imparts unpleasant taste to drinking water (Darrow, KH, 2002)

Total Dissolved Solid : 

9 Total Dissolved Solid Water varying in TDS suggest that low-mineral drinking water have the potency to cause: hypertension chronic gastritis duodenal ulcers goitre

Total Dissolved Solid : 

10 Total Dissolved Solid coronary heart disease pregnancy complications several complications in newborns and infants including anemia, jaundice and growth disorders (Mudryi 1999)

Turbidity : 

11 Turbidity Due to suspended particles & micro organisms: Hinder disinfections process Risk of water born diseases

Calcium And Magnesium : 

12 Calcium And Magnesium Water low in calcium causes: risk of sudden death (Eisenberg 1992; Bernardi et al. 1995; Garzon and Eisenberg 1998) an antitoxic activity absorption of some toxic elements i.e Lead, Cadmium from the intestine into the blood (Thompson 1970 )

Calcium And Magnesium : 

13 Calcium And Magnesium Higher risk of fracture in children (Verd Vallespir et al. 1992) Neurodegenerative diseases (Jacqmin et al. 1994) Premature deliveries and low weight at birth (Yang et al. 2002 ) Some types of cancer (Yang et al. 1997; Yang et al. 1998)

Nitrate/Nitrite : 

14 Nitrate/Nitrite Cause methamoglobinemia or “blue baby “disease (Fan and Steinberg, 1996)

Micro-organisms : 

15 Micro-organisms Causing fatal diseases Typhoid fever Shigellosis Cholera viral infections like hepatitis A and gastroenteritis (Dzwairo, 2006)

PROBLEM STATEMENT : 

16 PROBLEM STATEMENT In earthquake affected areas of N.W.F.P there are several potential sources to contaminate drinking water. Large number of diseases (e.g. methemoglobinemia, typhoid, cholera, diarreha and digestive track disturbance) have been reported to be one of the most serious problems in such areas WHO, (2008) ,For the sake of public health it is essential to conduct a detail study with respect to chemical and bacteriological contamination of drinking water.

OBJECTIVES : 

17 OBJECTIVES To obtain the perceptions of water user and service providers about water quality To determine the physicochemical properties of potable water in Mansehra city To determine the microbial properties of potable water in Mansehra city

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY : 

18 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research will give benefit to : Community/Public awareness Baseline data for future studies: i.e TMA Laboratories & Water treatment plants in future Recommendations: Local authority /Public health department To improve quality of drinking water

MATERIALS AND METHODS : 

19 MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Area: Mansehra Sampling point in Mansehra City 40 samples Instrument used: pH meter, conductivity meter (model Wagtech 297404) Spectrophotometer Turbidity Meter DO meter Microprocessor Auto Cal HI 9145 Total Dissolved Solids Meter HI 9835 Chemicals reagents for chemical analysis (Andrew, 2005)

Sampling Point in Mansehra : 

20 Sampling Point in Mansehra

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MATERIALS AND METHODS : 

24 MATERIALS AND METHODS WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE Samples was randomly collected Analyzed for Physio-chemical and bacteriological parameters Mean value Standard Deviation Results were shown in graphical form Results compared with WHO permissible limit.

MATERIALS AND METHODS : 

25 MATERIALS AND METHODS Questionnaire developed: Owner perception User Perception

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS : 

26 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Following parameters were studied for drinking water samples: Physical parameters: pH Electrical Conductivity (EC) Turbidity Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS : 

27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Chemical Parameters: Total hardness Calcium Magnesium Nitrite (NO2) Nitrate (NO3) Total Phosphate

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS : 

28 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Biological Parameter: Total coliform Graphical Presentation of data is as follow:

Table A1: WHO’s Drinking Water Standards : 

29 Table A1: WHO’s Drinking Water Standards

WHO’s Drinking Water quality Standards : 

30 WHO’s Drinking Water quality Standards

Figure 1: Comparison of pH concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples : 

31 Figure 1: Comparison of pH concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Physical parameter

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32 Figure 2: Comparison of Electrical Conductivity concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Physical parameter

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33 Figure 3: Comparison of Dissolved Oxygen values of drinking water with WHO standards Physical parameter

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34 Figure 4: Comparison of Turbidity concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Physical parameter

Physical parameter : 

35 Figure 5: Comparison of Total Dissolved Solids concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Physical parameter

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36 Figure 6: Comparison of Total Hardness values of drinking water with WHO standards Chemical parameter

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37 Figure 7: Comparison of Calcium concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Chemical parameter

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38 Figure 8: Comparison of Magnesium concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Chemical parameter

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39 Figure 9: Comparison of Chloride concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Chemical parameter

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40 Figure 10: Comparison of Nitrite concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Chemical parameter

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41 Figure 11: Comparison of Nitrate concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Chemical parameter

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42 Figure 12: Comparison of Total Phosphate concentration with WHO standards in drinking water samples Chemical parameter

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43 Figure 13: Comparison of Total Coliform values of drinking water with WHO standards Biological parameter

Questioner 1: water system owner : 

44 Questioner 1: water system owner Quantity of daily water extracted from the well? Depth of tube well? Any out break occur in area due to existent water supply scheme? Is Water storage tanks clean? Any type of disinfectant used to kill bacteria? What current issues is the water system facing? Is it difficult to address any of these issues under the current management structure? Is water testing currently done? Any type of disinfectant used to kill bacteria? Quantity of daily water extracted from the well? Any other information you want to share?

Questioner 2: For water users: : 

45 Questioner 2: For water users: What is the main source of drinking-water for members of your household? Are you satisfied with the source if not then why? Who usually goes to this source to fetch the water for your household? Are you getting enough water for drinking needs? Yes/No What do you think about the taste, odor, and color of the drinking water for your home? Does the drinking water smell bad, stain clothing, corrode plumbing, or is it hard? Do you treat your water in any way to make it safer to drink? Yes/No Is drinking water affecting Digestion of Food?

Questioner 2: For water users: : 

46 Questioner 2: For water users: Do you have any water related stomach problem? Is the drinking water in free of pathogens? Any worm or insects seen in water? Is any plant residue seen in your drinking water? Any other thing present in tap water? Do you have problems with water in the past? How much are you spending on household water treatment and/or bottled water? What is your perception about drinking water quality as it important for health? What are your suggestions to improving the standards & quality of drinking water?

General perception regarding the water quality : 

47 General perception regarding the water quality View of the respondents: 80% not satisfied General problem : Transportation of water Open streams Treatment facility Leaked pipes Taste

General perception regarding the water quality : 

48 General perception regarding the water quality Smell Turbid 15% tanker/vendor Diseases e.g stomach disorder

General perception regarding the water quality : 

49 General perception regarding the water quality Perceptions of TMA officials: Scheme No 1, Matrian, Mansehra Planned for 200 houses Fulfills requirement of 1200 houses Chlorination/filtration

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50 Figure 14: Schematic diagram showing scheme No 1, Booth Katha, Mansehra

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51 Scheme No2, Achar Nala Mansehra Utilized illegally /Mandia area No filtration plant or chlorination chamber high operation cost by the government

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52 Figure 15: Schematic diagram showing scheme No 2, Achar Nala Mansehra

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53 Scheme no 3, Sayia- da -Katha Mansehra No filtration or treatment facility Surface water

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54 Figure 16: Schematic diagram scheme No 3, Sayia -Tha -Katha Mansehra

CONCLUSIONS : 

55 CONCLUSIONS pH was found high in surface Turbidity of 7 out of 40 samples was not in accord with WHO standard of 5 NTU The level of coliform bacteria was alarmingly high even in tube well water

CONCLUSIONS : 

56 CONCLUSIONS In Mansehra city there is no proper drainage system, septic tanks are usually near to water recharging places which cause water to become contaminated and unfit for human consumption Existing water supply scheme is not up to mark

RCOMMENDATION : 

57 RCOMMENDATION Drinking water quality tests and constant evaluation should be conducted at regular intervals to check the quality of drinking water Immediate need of installation of more Filtration plants Daily chlorination is required already existed facility in Mansehra General public should be made aware