india

INDIA:

INDIA India, being a vast country does not fit into any one zone. Situated roughly between 8º N and 37º N Latitude, it occupies a large area of South Asia. It can be divided mainly into four climatic zones namely Alpine, Subtropical, Tropical and Arid.

INDIA’ MONSOON:

INDIA’ MONSOON India’s climate is dominated by monsoons. Monsoons are strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season. Monsoon winds blow from cold to warm regions because cold air takes up more space than warm air. Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter, and from the sea toward land in the summer. India’s winters are hot and dry. The monsoon winds blow from the northeast and carry little moisture. The temperature is high because the Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinent. Additionally, most of India lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator, so the sun’s rays shine directly on the land. The temperature can reach as high as 110oF during the Indian winter.

INDIA’S MONSOON:

INDIA’S MONSOON

CLIMATE:

CLIMATE CLIMATE: - It is referred to as the average condition of the weather. Its factors are:- Latitude, Altitude, distance from the sea, etc.

WEATHER:

WEATHER WEATHER: - Weather is the condition of atmosphere at any moment with regard to certain elements i.e., temperature, velocity, and humidity.

UNIQUENESS OF INDIAN CLIMATE:

UNIQUENESS OF INDIAN CLIMATE THAR DESERT: - 12.5 CM ANNUAL RAINFALL CHERRAPUNGI: - 1087 CM RAINFALL, MAWSYNRAM: - 1141 CM DRAS( KASHMIR ): - TEMPERATURE: -45 0 C SRIGANGANAGAR: 51 0 C KOCHI: - (MAX: 38 0 C – MIN: -26 0 C ) = ANNUAL RANGE: 12 0 C SRINAGAR : (MAX: 46 0 C – MIN: -16 0 C ) = ANNUAL RANGE: 30 0 C

FACTORS CONTROLLING INDIAN CLIMATE:

FACTORS CONTROLLING INDIAN CLIMATE 1). LATITUDINAL LOCATION The tropic of Cancer passes almost through the middle of India. This is the main reason because of the extreme climatic conditions in the Northern part of India. It experiences very cold winters and very hot summers.

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2). RELIEF FEATURES Location setting of the Himalayas acts as CLIMATIC DIVIDE FOR INDIA. It protects India from the Liberian cold winds originating from the northern polar area. It helps India in getting rains through the monsoon winds. WHOLE OF INDIA experiences almost the same TROPICAL CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS (high temperatures throughout the year and almost dry winters)

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3). DISTANCE FROM SEA It affects climate regarding RAINFALL and TEMPERATURE. The southern peninsula is surrounded by water bodies. Moisture laden, rain-bearing monsoon winds generate in the Indian ocean which causes rainfall throughout the country. Places in India near the sea are further benefited by the local sea breezes that causes rain. Equable Climate - Regions near water bodies. Range of temperature is low.

4). Atmospheric pressure and surface winds :

4). Atmospheric pressure and surface winds Winds blow from sub-tropical high pressure belts to equatorial low pressure.

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5). UPPER AIR CIRCULATION The advance of monsoon and monsoon breaks etc. are effectively controlled by them. During summer, easterly jet streams become more effective mainland as it develops over 25 degree North latitude. Clouds rise up in the sky and the jet streams carry them from one place to another speedily to cause rain. During winter-controlling western disturbances which affects India’s climate by spreading the cold surface winds over large part of the Indian subcontinent. They are responsible for snowfall in J&K and rainfall in north-western states of INDIA during winter.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Why J&K and Himachal Pradesh snowfall is common during winters? In south, Hot climate is observed due to its: - Comment on the link between Himalaya (location) and monsoon rainfall. Evaluate the role of climate in Indian economy. Pune receives less rainfall than Mumbai. Why? Differentiate between weather and climate. Major factors affecting climate of India?

ACTIVITY I:

ACTIVITY I Based on the table given on page no. 41, the month wise data of temperature and rainfall of 10 selected stations . Which station is nearest to equator? (Chennai) Which station is farthest from the equator? (Leh) Which are the hottest months? (June-July) Name the station with high rainfall. (Shillong) ACTIVITY II From the newspaper weather reports, collect for 15 days. Date Range (max-Min) Mean (Max+Min)/2 Annual Range

Cycle of season :

Cycle of season Though divided into different climatic zones, India seems to be unified by primarily four seasons- Winter, Summer, Advancing Monsoon and Retreating Monsoon. Winter: December to February is the wintertime in almost all of India. At this time of the year, days are cold with average temperature of10-15 ºC, but it can drop down to below 0 ºC in some higher ranges of northern India. Normally winters are dry in northern India. In Southern part, the temperature difference is not so marked due to moderating effect of Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Summer: March, April, May and June are the summer months in India. It is a time period when rays of the sun fall vertically on Indian subcontinent. The average temperature is around 32 c but in western region the maximum temperature can be far above the average. Hot wind, known, as 'Loo' is the marked feature of summers in northern India. Advancing Monsoon: It is the time period when India gets major part of its share of rain. Months of June, July, August and September form the core of Advancing Monsoon in almost all parts of country. The monsoon approaches with moisture laden winds, this sudden approach is marked with violent thunderstorms and lightening, known as 'break' of the monsoon. Retreating Monsoon: This season starts, when monsoon after drenching all of India, begins to retreat. With the month of September, rainfall began to decrease and as we approach November, the monsoon is completely gone from major part of India, except for Tamil Nadu and some other southern states, which also receive rain from Western Disturbance.

WINTER:

WINTER It is from December-February. North-east Trade winds are cold and dry. Southern India has moderate climate. Western disturbances-- Rainfall-Northwest Plain Snowfall- J&K, Himachal Pradesh Tamil Nadu receives rainfall during this period.

SUMMER:

SUMMER Duration of sunshine increases-Sun shines over equator on 23 rd March and further proceed northward. Hot weather condition develops by June (middle & North India) ‘Loo’- Dry and hot winds, northern plains in areas like Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand. Torrential Rain End of May – Annual of Monsoon Pre-monsoon shower-Kerala and Karnataka

Advancing Monsoon:

Advancing Monsoon This weather is there from June to September. Development of Low pressure Trough Dry Spells

Retreating Monsoon:

Retreating Monsoon Sun’s ray slanting over the Indian Ocean Land is wet and temperature is not low. Weather Oppressive Cyclonic Depression over Andaman Sea Coromandal coast receives rain ANSWER THE QUESTIONS: - 1). What do you understand by “loo”? 2). MONSOON acts as an unifying bond. Elaborate.

OTHER MAPS….:

OTHER MAPS….

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THE END Rahul Biswas IX-C K.V.I.I.T. POWAI