independence and 19th century

Independence and Post-Independence Latin America:

Independence and Post-Independence Latin America Spanish American Independence vs. Brazilian Independence Liberalism Caudillo Creole/ Criollo

Events in Europe:1780-1820:

Events in Europe:1780-1820 Rise of Liberal Ideology US and French Revolutions(1776 & 1789) Enlightenment Liberty Individual Rights Religious Freedom/Separation of Church and State Fewer State Enterprises

Events in Iberia:

Events in Iberia Wars of French Revolution & Napoleonic War France Invades (1808-1814) Spanish King (Ferdinand VII) forced to abdicate Napoleon's Brother Joseph installed as king of Spain Portuguese Monarchy Flees Lisbon for Brazil Spanish revolt and don't like “Pepe Botellas”

Events in the New World:

Events in the New World Confusion Millions of Pesos sent to fight French Semi-Autonomy Some criollos see this as an opportunity to press for greater rights Cadiz Convention and 1812 Constitution

Push for Independence:

Push for Independence After France Defeated, Ferdinand VII returns as king Rejects most of the reforms made Seeks to restore absolute authority in colonies Rejects 1812 Constitution--> Propels many loyal to the crown to move for Independence

Independence Generation:

Independence Generation Liberal Eliminate Corporate System ( Fueros ) Wanted President--Not Monarch Restrict power of Church and Military Gain access to world markets Conservative Maintain Corporate System Monarch Powerful Church and Military KEEP THINGS THE WAY THEY ARE Once it became clear that Independence would occur, Conservatives wanted to maintain everything else

Civil Wars (1820s-1850s):

Civil Wars (1820s-1850s) Mexico Gran Colombia Central America Argentina

Caudillismo:

Caudillismo Usually: Generals who used force Large Landowners Military Skills Not associated with ideology Began as opposing oligarchy, later became oligarchy

Brazilian Independence:

Brazilian Independence Portuguese Court flees invasion (1807) Arrives in Rio de Janiero Brazil is elevated to kingdom Open Trade

Brazilian Independence:

Brazilian Independence Dom Pedro I Invests money into Brazil Builds government buildings Father Returns to Portugal “Independence or Death!”

Transition to Brazilian Empire:

Transition to Brazilian Empire Brazil wins short war against Portugal to gain independence Didn't face same difficulties as Spanish America Long War Breakdown of society Infrastructure destroyed Daily life remains unchanged (Slavery and Sugar

1860s and Forward: Coffee replaces Sugar:

1860s and Forward: Coffee replaces Sugar Huge Demographic Shift of freed Afro-Brazilians and Slaves to SE Opening up of Virgin Forests Center of power moves south

Federalism Vs. Centralism:

Federalism Vs. Centralism Federalism (Usually) Liberal Separate Church and State LIMIT Central Authority More Power to State Governments State Militias Centralism (Usually Conservative) Church and State worth together More Power to Central Authority National Military Important Weak State Government

Latin America: Snapshot 1850, Race and Class:

Latin America: Snapshot 1850, Race and Class Liberal ideas vs. Realities of Race and Class Racism Rampant Slavery in Brazil Indians not allowed to vote in most places Scientific Racism Beginning Class Identity now includes profession/job in addition to race Export related jobs (cheap wages) Land increasingly controlled by Elite Communal Lands Attacked (Church and Indian Lands)