lecture 3

Slide 1:

The Cost of Conquest, The Spiritual Conquest, and Demographic Changes Key Words: Encomienda/Encomendero Law of Burgos (1512) The New Laws- Leyes Nuevas (1542) Sepúlveda vs. Las Casas (Valladolid Debate)

European Discoveries:

European Discoveries 1492—A process that had begun earlier Technology Carrack and Carvel Rudder Rigging New Construction of Ships  Larger, more stable

The Process Continues:

The Process Continues Portugal NW Africa Azores Henry the Navigator Maps and Portuguese Pilots

Second Voyage September 1493-March 1496:

Second Voyage September 1493-March 1496 17 ships 1200 men and women Seeds and livestock Navidad settlers all had died. Isabella founded on Hispaniola

Conquest and Settlement 1492-1519; 1500-1534 (For Brazil):

Conquest and Settlement 1492-1519; 1500-1534 (For Brazil) Exploration and Conquest Spanish and Portuguese migration & settlement Local, regional, and royal government Trade, Tribute, and New Markets Indian Population Decline Effects of this in Caribbean prompt change New World-Old World exchange of crops and animals.

Columbian Exchange:

Columbian Exchange

Linda Newson’s Typology for Indian Population History :

Linda Newson’s Typology for Indian Population History Rapid Loss and Gradual Recovery: temperate highland valleys of Mexico and the Andes. Peru: 1520s ~9 million 1620 ~600,000 Rapid Loss and Continued Decline: interior of northern South America, Chile, Rio de Plata, and Brazil. Rapid Loss to Virtual Extinction: Caribbean basin.

Impact of Population Decline on Indian Societies:

Impact of Population Decline on Indian Societies Disease often came before the Spanish (Peru, major Epidemics 5 years before Pizarro) Majority reduced to rural peasantry, living in small towns and villages. Communities abandoned and reconfigured. Social hierarchies simplified and redefined. Labor and Technology Intensive Agriculture cut-back. (Irrigation canals, terraces) Markets and long distance trade curtailed.

Impact of Indian Population Decline on Colonizers:

Impact of Indian Population Decline on Colonizers Legal and administrative reform of trade, tribute, and local government. Decline of the economic value of encomiendas. Opens “vacant” land to Iberian settlers. Turn to enterprises with smaller demand for labor, like ranching. Labor shortages linked both to wage work and coercive practices. A rationale for expanding African slave trade.

The New Source of Labor: African Slavery in 16th century Mexico:

The New Source of Labor: African Slavery in 16th century Mexico 1519-1656: 120,000 slaves imported from west Africa. Two-thirds of total for Spanish America. 1570: 20,000 slaves; 1650: 35,000 Population of free people of African descent over 100,000 by early 17th century. Nearly half found in Mexico City. Sugar districts of Veracruz and Puebla, and mining districts of near north account for the rest.

Law of Burgos (1512):

Law of Burgos (1512) Welfare of Indians & Regulated Indian-Encomendero Relationships 35 Laws, such as: To make sure the Indians are learning Christianity properly, they shall be tested every two weeks and taught what they do not know by the Encomendero. He shall teach them the Ten Commandments, the Seven Deadly Sins, and the Articles of Faith. Any encomendero that does not do this properly will be fined six gold pesos. The Indians should not sleep on the ground. Each encomendero should provide his Indians with hammocks. The Indians are not to be physically or verbally abused for any reason. Legacies: Poorly Applied but created Momentum New Laws

The New Laws (1542):

The New Laws (1542) Continuation of Reforms introduced in Law of Burgos Influenced by Las Casas Goals: Decrease Power of Encomenderos Stop Abuses Eventual Abolition of Encomienda (End of Inheritance) Reforms: Only Access to Tribute Can't Demand Labor Wages Can't be forced to work in Mines Peruvian Encomenderos Revolt Depose Viceroy Civil War (Pizarro vs. Viceroy) Viceroy is Killed in Battle

Valladolid debate, 1550-1551:

Valladolid debate, 1550-1551 Linked to Rapid Population Loss & Abuses by Encomenderos Domincan Friar Bartolomé de las Casas (Former Encomendero ) Indians were Free Men and deserved to be preached to. (Church and Monarchy) Short Account Of the Destruction of the Indies (1552) Dominican Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda Indians were 'Natural Slaves' (Colonists and Encomenderos ) Had already rejected Catholic Faith Who Won? Both Claimed Victory ( encomiendas were reduced, but treatment of Indians did not really imporve )

The Spiritual Conquest: Converting Lost Souls:

The Spiritual Conquest: Converting Lost Souls Patronato real Importance of Church in Colonial Life Missions Three Influences: The Reconquista Humanism Move from imperfect human to celebrate free will and dignity Interest in education and language The Protestant Reformation

Relacion Geografica Map Guaxtepec 1580:

Relacion Geografica Map Guaxtepec 1580

Relacion Geografica Map Cholula 1581:

Relacion Geografica Map Cholula 1581

Some Key Figures:

Some Key Figures Vasco de Quiroga: mission-hospitals Fray Pedro de Gante: schools for Indians at Texcoco & Tlatelolco. Bartolomé de las Casas and the Great Debate. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex. Bishop Diego de Landa, idolatry campaigns in Yucatán. Bishop Zumárraga and burning of cacique of Texcoco.