SEQUEL

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SEQUEL : 

SEQUEL Structured Query Language

SEQUEL : 

SEQUEL Relational query language. Block Structured Language format Uses English Keywords Developed first by IBM in 1975, in San Jose, California

Creation of New Table : 

Creation of New Table CREATE TABLE employees( e_no NUMBER(5), e_name CHAR(25), address CHAR(50), basic_salary NUMBER(7,2), job_status CHAR(15)); CREATE TABLE projects( p_no CHAR(5), p_name CHAR(25), no_of_staff NUMBER(3)); CREATE TABLE work_in( p_no CHAR(5), e_no NUMBER(5), p_job CHAR(12));

Data Types : 

Data Types CHAR(n) : Character String Number(n,d) : Numeric Value Date : Century, Month, Date, Day, hours, minutes, seconds

Insert Data in database : 

Insert Data in database INSERT INTO employees VALUES(00010, ‘RajKumar’, ‘Delhi’, ‘04200.00’, ‘Office Assistant’);

Data Retrieval : 

Data Retrieval SELECT e_no, e_name, address, basic_salary From employees; Or SELECT * from employees;

Mapping : 

Mapping SELECT e_name FROM employees WHERE basic_salary > 4000; Comparison Operators used in mapping: = equal to ≠ not equal to > , >= < , <= Logical Connectives used are AND , OR

Removing Duplicates : 

Removing Duplicates SELECT DISTINCT job_status FROM employees; Range Specification SELECT * FROM employees WHERE e_no BETWEEN 5 AND 10; SELECT e_no,e_name FROM employees WHERE e_no IN (5,7,10,12); SELECT e_no,e_name FROM employees WHERE e_no NOT IN (5,7,10,12);

SORTING Data : 

SORTING Data SELECT e_no,e_name FROM employees ORDER BY e_no; SELECT e_no,e_name FROM employees ORDER BY e_no DESC;

INSERT and UPDATE : 

INSERT and UPDATE INSERT INTO projects VALUES (‘CS201’, ‘COMPILER’, 3);

Slide 11: 

CREATE TABLE account(e_no NUMBER(5), e_name CHAR(25), basic NUMBER(7,2), DA NUMBER(6,2), gross NUMBER(7,2)); INSERT INTO account (e_no, e_name, basic, DA, GROSS) SELECT e_no, e_name, basic_salary, basic_salary*0.29, basic_salary*1.29) from employees;

UPDATING TABLE : 

UPDATING TABLE UPDATE employees SET e_name= ‘Amit Kumar’, WHERE e_no=00052; UPDATE account SET DA= basic*0.3, GROSS= basic*1.3 WHERE basic < 3000.00;

Character Data- Built in Functions : 

Character Data- Built in Functions Length (<text value>) UPPER(<text value>) Lower(<text value>) InitCAP(<text value>) TO_Number(<text value>) SUBStar(<text value>,<position>,<length>) SELECT e_name FROM employees WHERE SUBSTAR(job_status,1,6)=‘Office’;

Numeric Data- Built in Functions : 

Numeric Data- Built in Functions Round (<number>,[d]) Round the number to d digits TRUNC (<number>,[d]) Truncates the number to d digits SQRT (<number>) POWER (<number>,p) MOD(<number>,<number>) GREATEST(<list>) Least(<list>) ABS(<number>) SIGN(<number>)

Example- Mathematical Fuctions : 

Example- Mathematical Fuctions SELECT e_name FROM employees WHERE (e_no=1) OR (MOD (e_no,2)=1);