Memory and forgetting

Memory & Forgetting :

Done by : Sarah Suhail Saleh Supervisor : Dr. Samir Qouta Memory & Forgetting

Slide 2:

We are able to deal with the concept of time as no other animal can, relating the present to the past and making predictions about the future, because of the endurance and availability of our memories.

Contents :

Contents Kinds of Remembering Retrieval Processes The Nature of Forgetting Two-process Theories of Memory Improving Memory

Definition:

Definition Memory persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information.

Kinds of Remembering:

Kinds of Remembering

Slide 6:

Redintegrative - Memories of school experiences from ages seven to ten can be more accurately recovered by adults under hypnosis than in the waking state.

Slide 7:

Recall the ability to retrieve info or performances learned earlier e.g.: remembering how to ride a bike.

Slide 8:

Recognition : the ability to identify previously learned items-like on a multiple choice test , “ I’m sure we met before, though I cannot recall your name or where or when it was”

Slide 9:

Relearning Previously familiar material can be learned more rapidly than it could be learned if it were unfamiliar. Even though something may seem to be completely “forgotten”, it may be easier to learn the second time because it was learned in the past.

Varieties of Memory Processes :

Varieties of Memory Processes The processes underlying redintegration, recall, recognition, and relearning are not distinct . Each kind of memory, however, makes a somewhat different demand on the subject, so the retention of earlier learning might be detected by one method and not by another. Recognition is generally a more sensitive measure of memory than recall. For example, on being shown a picture of a relatively well-known person and asked who it is, you would probably find it easier to recognize the name of the person among a list of names than to recall it

Retrieval Processes :

Retrieval Processes The cognitive view divided memory into three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding: the processing of information into the memory system Storage: the retention of encoded information over time Retrieval : process of getting information out of memory

Slide 12:

Encoding STORAGE retrival - Converting information into a form that can be entered and stored in the memory . - The process whereby a encoded information is held for future use. - The process whereby a stored memory is brought into consciousness . The failure to remember may involve faulty encoding, failure to have stored the information, or inability to retrieve it when needed.

Retrieval Processes :

Retrieval Processes Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon Organization of Semantic Memory

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon :

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon It is the situation of feeling certain we know a specific name or word, yet being unable to recall it immediately. The word seems to be on the tip of the tongue. TOT state .

Organization of Semantic Memory:

Organization of Semantic Memory Memory necessary for the use of language is called semantic memory. Current research supports the general conclusion that semantic information is organized in the form of a memory network.

The Nature of Forgetting :

The Nature of Forgetting Decay through disuse Interference effects Motivated Forgetting

Slide 17:

1 . DECAY Forgetting due to memories fading over time. Occur in Sensory and Short Term Memory.

Slide 18:

INTERFERENCE Hindrance of new information because of other information learned before or after the new information.

Slide 19:

3. MOTIVATED FORGETTING - a purposeful process of blocking or suppressing” information. Freud called it repression.

Slide 20:

Two-process Theories of Memory SHORT TERM MEMORY Limited capacity Brief storage of items (30 seconds) 3. Involve in conscious processing of information LONG TERM MEMORY Unlimited capacity Storage thought by some to be permanent Information organized and indexed

Storage- Short Term Memory:

Storage- Short Term Memory 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Percentage who recalled consonants

Storage- Long Term Memory:

Storage- Long Term Memory virtually limitless capacity we don't have to discard old items to remember new items Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days initially rapid, then levels off with time

Memory Construction:

Memory Construction People fill in memory gaps with reasonable guesses and assumptions Imagining events can create false memories Children's eyewitness recall Child sexual abuse does occur Some innocent people suffer false accusations Some guilty cast doubt on true testimony

Cont…:

Cont… Memories of Abuse Repressed or Constructed? Child sexual abuse does occur Some adults do actually forget such episodes False Memory Syndrome condition in which a person’s identity and relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists

Cont…:

Cont… Most people can agree on the following: Incest happens Forgetting happens Recovered memories are commonplace Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are unreliable Memories of things happening before age 3 are unreliable Memories, whether false or real, are upsetting

Slide 28:

Better Memory, Better Grades

IMPROVING MEMORY:

IMPROVING MEMORY 1. CHUNKING - Grouping items together which can be remembered only a bit of information. 2 . MNEMONICS - Providing elaborative encoding and making material meaningful. 3. OVER LEARNING - Practicing of information over and over again until it becomes fixed in the brain.

Slide 30:

From this … to this

Slide 31:

THANK YOU ^_^