Slide 1:Friday, August 01, 2008 1 REFRACTIVE ERRORS EYE DISEASES


REFRACTIVE ERRORS :Friday, August 01, 2008 2 REFRACTIVE ERRORS Myopia Hyperopia Astigmatism HOME


MYOPIA :Friday, August 01, 2008 3 MYOPIA Next


Slide 4:Friday, August 01, 2008 4 Nearsightedness or myopia, occurs when light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina instead of directly on it. This is caused by a cornea that is steeper, or an eye that is longer, than a normal eye. Nearsighted people typically see well up close, but have difficulty seeing far away. 2nd slide


HYPEROPIA :Friday, August 01, 2008 5 HYPEROPIA Next


Slide 6:Friday, August 01, 2008 6 Farsightedness or hyperopic, occurs when light entering the eye focuses behind the retina, instead of directly on it. This is caused by a cornea that is flatter, or an eye that is shorter, than a normal eye. Farsighted people usually have trouble seeing up close, but may also have difficulty seeing far away as well. 2nd slide


ASTIGMATISM :Friday, August 01, 2008 7 ASTIGMATISM Next


Slide 8:Friday, August 01, 2008 8 Astigmatism means that the cornea is oval like a football instead of spherical like a basketball. Most astigmatic corneas have two curves – a steeper curve and a flatter curve. This causes light to focus on more than one point in the eye, resulting in blurred vision at distance or near. Astigmatism often occurs along with nearsightedness or farsightedness HOME


EYE DISEASES :Friday, August 01, 2008 9 EYE DISEASES Next


Slide 10:Friday, August 01, 2008 10 conjunctivitis Retinal detachment Retinitis pigmentosa Macular degeneration Keratoconus strabismus chalazion glaucoma cataract Foreign body Entropion Dry eyes Diabetic retinopathy


CATARACT :Friday, August 01, 2008 11 CATARACT Next


Slide 12:Friday, August 01, 2008 12 A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens, the part of the eye responsible for focusing light and producing clear, sharp images. The lens is contained in a sealed bag or capsule. As old cells die they become trapped within the capsule. Over time, the cells accumulate causing the lens to cloud, making images look blurred or fuzzy. For most people, cataracts are a natural result of aging. 10TH slide


CHALAZION :Friday, August 01, 2008 13 CHALAZION Next


Slide 14:Friday, August 01, 2008 14 A chalazion (stye) is a small lump in the eyelid caused by obstruction of an oil producing or meibomiangland.  Chalazia may occur in the upper or lower lids, causing redness, swelling and soreness insomecases. 10TH slide


DIABETIC RETINOPATHY :Friday, August 01, 2008 15 DIABETIC RETINOPATHY Next


Slide 16:Friday, August 01, 2008 16 Diabetes is a disease that occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin or the body is unable to process it properly. Insulin is the hormone that regulates the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Diabetes can affect children and adults. Patients with diabetes are more likely to develop eye problems such as cataracts and glaucoma, but the disease’s affect on the retina is the main threat to vision. Most patients develop diabetic changes in the retina after approximately 20 years. The effect of diabetes on the eye is called diabetic retinopathy. 10TH slide


DRY EYES :Friday, August 01, 2008 17 DRY EYES Next


Slide 18:Friday, August 01, 2008 18 Dry eye syndrome is one of the most common problems treated by eye physicians.  Over ten million Americans suffer from dry eyes.  It is usually caused by a problem with the quality of the tear film that lubricates the eyes. 10TH slide


ENTROPION :Friday, August 01, 2008 19 ENTROPION Next


Slide 20:Friday, August 01, 2008 20 Entropion, an eyelid that turns inward, is a problem that typically affects the lower lid.  It usually stems from a muscle spasm; however, it can also be caused by scarring from trauma or inflammation from certain diseases that involve the eyelids. 10TH slide


FOREIGN BODY :Friday, August 01, 2008 21 FOREIGN BODY Next


Slide 22:Friday, August 01, 2008 22 Anyone who has felt as if there was a grain of sand in his or her eye  has probably had a foreign body.  Foreign bodies might be superficial, or in more serious injuries, they may penetrate the eye.  Fortunately, the cornea has such an incredible reflex tearing system that most superficial foreign bodies are naturally flushed out with our natural tears.  But if the object is more deeply embedded, medical attention is required. 10TH slide


GLAUCOMA :Friday, August 01, 2008 23 GLAUCOMA Next


Slide 24:Friday, August 01, 2008 24 Glaucoma is a disease caused by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting either from a malformation or malfunction of the eye’s drainage structures.  Left untreated, an elevated IOP causes irreversible damage the optic nerve and retinal fibers resulting in a progressive, permanent loss of vision.  However, early detection and treatment can slow, or even halt the progression of the disease. Next


OPEN AND ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA :Friday, August 01, 2008 25 OPEN AND ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA Next


Slide 26:Friday, August 01, 2008 26 Open Angle Open angle (also called chronic open angle or primary open angle) is the most common type of glaucoma.  With this type, even though the anterior structures of the eye appear normal, aqueous fluid builds within the anterior chamber, causing the IOP to become elevated.  Left untreated, this may result in permanent damage of the optic nerve and retina.  Eye drops are generally prescribed to lower the eye pressure.  In some cases, surgery is performed if the IOP cannot be adequately controlled with medical therapy. Next


Slide 27:Friday, August 01, 2008 27 Acute Angle Closure Only about 10% of the population with glaucoma has this type.  Acute angle closure occurs because of an abnormality of the structures in the front of the eye.  In most of these cases, the space between the iris and cornea is more narrow than normal, leaving a smaller channel for the aqueous to pass through.  If the flow of aqueous becomes completely blocked, the IOP rises sharply, causing a sudden angle closure attack. 10th slide


KERATOCONUS :Friday, August 01, 2008 28 KERATOCONUS Next


Slide 29:Friday, August 01, 2008 29 Keratoconus is a degenerative disease of the cornea that causes it to  gradually thin and bulge into a cone-like shape.  This shape prevents light from focusing precisely on the macula.  As the disease progresses, the cone becomes more pronounced, causing vision to become blurred and distorted.  Because of the cornea's irregular shape, patients with Keratoconus are usually very nearsighted and have a high degree of astigmatism that is not correctable with glasses. 10TH slide


MACULAR DEGENERATION :Friday, August 01, 2008 30 MACULAR DEGENERATION Next


Slide 31:Friday, August 01, 2008 31 Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a degenerative condition of the macula (the central retina). It is the most common cause of vision loss in the United States in those 50 or older, and its prevalence increases with age.  AMD is caused by hardening of the arteries that nourish the retina. This deprives the sensitive retinal tissue of oxygen and nutrients that it needs to function and thrive. As a result, the central vision deteriorates. 10TH slide


CONJUNCTIVITIES :Friday, August 01, 2008 32 CONJUNCTIVITIES Next


Slide 33:Friday, August 01, 2008 33 Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is an infection of the conjunctiva (the outer-most layer of the eye that covers the sclera). The three most common types of conjunctivitis are: viral, allergic, and bacterial. Each requires different treatments. With the exception of the allergic type, conjunctivitis is typically contagious. 10TH slide


RETINAL DETACHMENT :Friday, August 01, 2008 34 RETINAL DETACHMENT Next


Slide 35:Friday, August 01, 2008 35 A retinal detachment occurs when the retina’s sensory and pigment layers separate. Because it can cause devastating damage to the vision if left untreated, retinal detachment is considered an ocular emergency that requires immediate medical attention and surgery. It is a problem that occurs most frequently in the middle-aged and elderly. 10TH slide


RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA :Friday, August 01, 2008 36 RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA Next


Slide 37:Friday, August 01, 2008 37 Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare, hereditary disease that causes the rod photoreceptors in the retina to gradually degenerate.  The rods are located in the periphery of the retina and are responsible for peripheral and night vision.  Cones, another type of photoreceptor, are densely concentrated in the macula.  The cones are responsible for central visual acuity and color vision. 10TH slide


STRABISMUS :Friday, August 01, 2008 38 STRABISMUS Next


Slide 39:Friday, August 01, 2008 39 Strabismus is a problem caused by one or more improperly functioning eye muscles, resulting in a misalignment of the eyes.  Normally, each eye focuses on the same spot but sends a slightly different message to the brain.  The brain superimposes the two images, giving vision depth and dimension.  Each eye has six muscles that work in unison to control movements.  The brain controls the eye muscles, which keep the eyes properly aligned.  It is critical that the muscles function together for the brain to interpret the image from each eye as a single one. 10TH slide End


THE END :Friday, August 01, 2008 40 THE END THANKYOU


Slide 41:Friday, August 01, 2008 41