NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOTECHNOLOGY:

NANOTECHNOLOGY

History:

History Recent development in scientific research Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959 Process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale Moore's Law ( Gordon Moore ,1965) Each of process rely on the properties of stochastically -formed atomic ensembles

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Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo Science University in a 1974 It consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule Real boost in 1980’s

What is Nanotechnology?:

What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that is used to describe a variety of techniques to fabricate materials and devices on the nanoscale. One nanometer(nm) is one billionth, or 10 -9 of a meter. Nanotechnology cuts across many disciplines, including colloidal Science, chemistry, applied physics and biology. A sheet of paper is about100000 nanometers thick. The width of a human hair is approximately 80000 nanometers thick.

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With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest nanomechanical devices ever modeled in atomic detail.

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A nanometer-sized particle is also smaller than a living cell and can be seen only with the most powerful Microscopes available today. 6

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Concerned with enhanced functional materials- nonmaterial Approaches to construct nonomaterial: Top-down and bottom-up technique By using tools to help the molecules move individually. Has greater construction control but laborious and not applicable for industrial uses.

Some of the Areas affected::

Some of the Areas affected: Nanobioscience : possibility of treating serious disease by using nanobots Nanoengineering : Focus on building large structures by using small particles in lieu of huge materials. Allows rearrangement of atoms to come up with a functional structure out of their natural properties. focus on the production of substantial building materials on a nano scale and speed thus eliminating high costs and lengthy production time.

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Nanopharmacy : field responsible for developing and manufacturing quality medicines at a minimal cost and at a speed and large quantities. By coming up with medicines using nanotechnology, pharmaceutical companies can now dispose needed medicines at a lower price with low production cost and capital.

Advantages:

Advantages 5*10*millions Design in days and distribution in hours. Products can even be Pre-Designed. Benefit the energy sector

Disadvantages:

Disadvantages Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and more destructive Inhalation problem Expensive technology

Products available in future:

Products available in future Solar cells in roofing tiles and siding that will provide electricity for homes and facilities. High performance footwear, exercise equipment, and car parts such as belts, wiper blades etc. In pharmaceutical and chemical industries: Advanced drug delivery systems, including implantable devices that automatically administer drugs and sense drug levels, and medical diagnostic tools, such as cancer tagging mechanisms.

Nanocomputers:

Nanocomputers Nanocomputer is the logical name for a computer smaller than the microcomputer , which is smaller than the minicomputer . No commercially available computers that are named nanocomputers exist at this date, but the term is used in science and science fiction . Several ways to build nanocomputers Mechanical Electronic B iochemical quantum technology

Mechanical:

Mechanical Mechanical nanocomputers would use tiny moving components called nanogears to encode information. Such a machine is reminiscent of Charles Babbage 's analytical engines of the 19th century.

Electronic:

Electronic Similar to the way present-day microcomputers work. Difference is in physical scale. More and more transistor s are squeezed into silicon chips with each passing year; witness the evolution of integrated circuits ( IC s) capable of ever-increasing storage capacity and processing power.

Biochemical:

Biochemical Chemical and biochemical nanocomputers would store and process information in terms of chemical structures and interactions. Biochemical nanocomputers already exist in nature; they are manifest in all living things. But these systems are largely uncontrollable by humans.

Quantum:

Quantum A quantum nanocomputer would work by storing data in the form of atomic quantum states or spin.