NS 102: Sea Power andMaritime Affairs: NS 102: Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 10: “Greatest Navy in the World” 1890-1914


Globalization 2: A World Economy: Globalization 2: A World Economy


The Roots of Globalization: The Roots of Globalization Phase 1: Worldwide Networks Phase 2: World Economy Phase 3: Global Integration


1870-1914: 1870-1914 World Economy Achieved Rapid growth => trade, migration, capital flows Food and raw materials produced worldwide Using European wealth Retro flow of industrial goods


Globalization Process: Globalization Process Connections Flows Economic, social, political People, goods, resources, capital, ideas, power Integration Technology


World Economy: World Economy Pax Britannica Industrial Revolution Transport Revolution Steamships, railroads Evolutions in banking & finance Royal Navy “rules the waves”


“Britannia rules the waves”: “Britannia rules the waves”


British Empire, c. 1900: British Empire, c. 1900


Transport Revolution: Transport Revolution SS Britannic 1874 RMS Mauretania 1907


Global Competition: Global Competition Berlin Conference of 1885 End of Pax Britannica Great Power competition “New” Imperialism, neo-mercantilism Closing of world economy Imperial competition => Conflict Colonial reaction “World economy” not inclusive Nationalist, anti-imperialist movements Globalization process impeded


The Roots of GlobalizationSummary 1800-1914: The Roots of Globalization Summary 1800-1914 More Connections Much stronger Flows Integration interrupted Euro-centric colonialization Technology accelerates


Naval Developments, 1898-1914: Naval Developments, 1898-1914 Technology New ship types: DD, SS Aviation New Tactics European naval expansion Support overseas interests Royal Navy challenged New players: Japan, USA After 1907: Naval arms race


Warship Tonnage, 1880-1914: Warship Tonnage, 1880-1914


Increases in U.S. Naval Power: Increases in U.S. Naval Power U.S. Fleet by 1898 4 1st Class Battleships: Indiana, Massachusetts, Oregon, and Iowa 2 2nd Class Battleships: Texas and Maine 2 Armored Cruisers 10 Protected Cruisers Gunboats, Monitors, Torpedo Boats Modern technology Steam, electricity, armor, and rifled breech-loading guns


Spanish-American War: Spanish-American War Increased global interests U.S. public and Congress Cuban Revolution (1895-1898) Yellow Journalism – Pulitzer/Hearse USS Maine Explosion - Feb 1898 U.S. public outrage – Spain is blamed War declared - April 1898


USS Maine enters Havana Harbor, Feb 1898: USS Maine enters Havana Harbor, Feb 1898


USS MaineHavana, Cuba 15 Feb 1898: USS Maine Havana, Cuba 15 Feb 1898


Fighting the War: Fighting the War Geography Spanish empire: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam U.S. strategic interests: Panama Canal, Hawaii U.S forces Atlantic: Sampson/Schley Asiatic: Dewey (China/Japan)


Naval Order of BattleUSA: Naval Order of Battle USA North Atlantic Squadron 4 Battleships, 4-cruisers, 3 gunboats Sampson based @ Key West Schley’s “Flying Squadron” @ Norfolk USS Oregon sent from Pacific to Atlantic Asiatic Squadron Dewey @Hong Kong Sent by Assistant SecNav Theodore Roosevelt. 4 cruisers, 2 gunboats & cutter


Slide27: Pacific Montojo @ Manila Bay 1 cruiser, 5 smaller ships Atlantic Cervera @ Cape Verde Islands 4 cruisers, 2 destroyers Inferior to U.S. naval forces Naval Order of Battle Spain


Naval Order of Battle: Naval Order of Battle United States 5 Battleships 29 Cruisers 10 Aux. Cruisers 2 TB Destroyers 11 Gunboats 10 Monitors Spain 5 Battleships 16 Cruisers 2 Aux. Cruisers 20 Gunboats 1 TB


Fighting the War: Fighting the War Pacific Philippines: Phase I Other islands Wake seized Guam seized Hawaii annexed Philippines: Phase II U.S. fights insurgency until 1913


CommodoreGeorgeDeweyCommanderU.S. Asiatic Squadron: Commodore George Dewey Commander U.S. Asiatic Squadron


AdmiralDon PatricioMontojo: Admiral Don Patricio Montojo Commander Spanish Squadron at Manila Bay


Battle of Manila Bay: Battle of Manila Bay


Fighting the War: Fighting the War Cuba Blockade of Santiago (1 May) Amphib. landing at Daiquiri (20 Jun) Theodore Roosevelt and the “Rough Riders” Destruction of Cervera's fleet (3 Jul)


Rear AdmiralWilliam T.SampsonCommanderNorth Atlantic Squadron: Rear Admiral William T. Sampson Commander North Atlantic Squadron Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley Commander North Atlantic Flying Squadron Admiral Pascual Cervera Commander Spanish Squadron at Santiago de Cuba


The “Rough Riders”: The “Rough Riders” Battle of San Juan Hill 1 Jul 1898


USS Oregon Battle of Santiago: USS Oregon Battle of Santiago


Battle of Santiago: Battle of Santiago


U.S. “Quasi-Empire” Established: U.S. “Quasi-Empire” Established From Spain in 1898: Puerto Rico Guam Philippines Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba Spain sells other island territories in the Pacific to the German Empire in 1899 Formerly independent: Hawaii (Annexed 1898) Wake Island - 1899 “American” Samoa (Harbor of Pago Pago) - 1899


American Pacific TerritoriesCoaling Stations for Ships: American Pacific Territories Coaling Stations for Ships


USN after the War: USN after the War Battleship = principal warship Mahan (seemingly) vindicated Naval construction programs Global acquisitions Navy use and defense New Navy General Board Dewey is chairman


Progressive Era Politics(1901-1914): Progressive Era Politics (1901-1914) USA Emerges as major world power Economic and naval power Strong Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson Congress funds battleships and canal construction Large increases in federal budget Large increase in percentage of federal budget for Department of the Navy Dewey and General Board Access to SecNav, POTUS Reflects increased importance of the Navy


International Concerns(1900-1914): International Concerns (1900-1914) Expanding interests of Germany in Caribbean Expanding interests of Japan in Pacific Expanding interests of USA in Caribbean and Pacific Panama Canal


The Caribbean: The Caribbean Threat: Germany U.S. stake in Caribbean Germany interests in Latin America Venezuela Crisis (1902)


Roosevelt Corollary: Roosevelt Corollary To Europe: “Hands off!” the Western Hemisphere Caribbean Sea = U.S. vital interest U.S. to police the region Frequent interventions by Navy and Marines Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic. Cuba - Platt Amendment Vera Cruz, Mexico “Yankee Imperialism”


Panama Canal: Panama Canal Renewed U.S. desire for canal to link Atlantic and Pacific Very strong Commercial and Naval interests Strong support from President Theodore Roosevelt Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903 Engineered and supported by USA Panama Canal Zone ceded to USA


Panama Canal: Panama Canal Construction of the canal begins in 1904 Completed in 1914 Increased importance of U.S. control of Caribbean Sea Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the USA


The Pacific: The Pacific Threat: Japan The U.S. stake: access to Pacific markets & resources strategic bases => Hawaii, Philippines Japan first perceived as U.S. ally Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Japan commands the western Pacific


The Rise of Japanese Sea Power: The Rise of Japanese Sea Power


Opening and Modernization: Opening and Modernization Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa European powers quickly follow U.S. lead Tokugawa Shogunate unable to cope with foreign contact Meiji Restoration - 1868 End of shogunate’s feudal system Emperor restored to power


Opening and Modernization: Opening and Modernization Increased trade with the West Rapid modernization of industry and armed forces Colonial expansion begins on Pacific Islands Japanese Navy From the Age of Galleys directly to the Modern Age Skips entirely the Age of Sail


Kanrin Maru Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1855: Kanrin Maru Japan's first screw-driven steam warship, 1855


Sino-Japanese War1894-95: Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 Conflict with China over, Ryukus, Taiwan, Korea Japanese make a surprise first strike. Prior to declaration of war. Attacks troop convoy Battle of the Yalu: Japanese naval victory Outcome: Expansion of Japanese Empire Korea is now occupied by Japan until end of WWII Taiwan (Formosa) and Pescadores Port Arthur


Russo-Japanese War 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 Japan forced to withdraw from Korea and Port Arthur France and Germany “strongly encourage” Japan doubles army and triples navy as a result


Russo-Japanese War 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 Russian expansion into the Far East Trans-Siberian Railway Chinese allow Russian construction through Manchuria Russian Naval Base at Vladivostok Port Arthur and Manchuria occupied by Russian forces Korea threatened


Russo-Japanese War 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 Anglo-Japanese Alliance - 1902 Japan attempts to keep European powers out of the war Japanese strike first again (Port Arthur) Vice Admiral Makarov


Russian Battleship Navarin: Russian Battleship Navarin


Japanese Battleship Asahi: Japanese Battleship Asahi


Slide63: 18,000 NM


Battle of Tsushima Strait: Battle of Tsushima Strait Baltic Fleet under ADM Zinovi Rozhestvenski Transit to Vladivostok VADM Admiral Heihachiro Togo Togo “Crosses the T” -- Decisive Japanese victory Lessons learned Rear Admiral Nebogatov’s Court Martial - surrender no longer an option Heavy armor and big guns were decisive factors Semi-independent divisions Dividing the fleet Mahanian theory affirmed


Battle of Tsushima Strait27-28 May 1905: Battle of Tsushima Strait 27-28 May 1905 Admiral Heihachiro Togo


Russo-Japanese War: Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth - President Theodore Roosevelt Port Arthur and Southern Sakhalin ceded to Japan. Japan becomes the dominant power in the Far East. Roosevelt won the Nobel Prize for these negotiations Stage set for collision of US and Japanese interests!


U.S. Actions in the Pacific: U.S. Actions in the Pacific U.S. “Open Door” policy in China Ensure territorial integrity of China Maintain free trade in China for all countries Counter European and Japanese attempts at “spheres of influence” Forward Presence Boxer Rebellion - 1900 Yangtze River Patrol - U.S. gunboats protect American commerce


U.S. Actions in the Pacific: U.S. Actions in the Pacific War Plan Orange U.S. Navy plan for war with Japan Defense of the Philippines and defeat of the Japanese Navy Great White Fleet


The Great White Fleet: The Great White Fleet


Route of the Great White Fleet - 1907-08: Route of the Great White Fleet - 1907-08


Technology Improvements: Technology Improvements HMS Dreadnought - 1907 First all “big-gun” battleship launched by Great Britain. Turbine powered, much faster at 21 knots Makes earlier battleships obsolete Gunnery Fire control improvements Smokeless powder


Technology Improvements: Technology Improvements Radio - wireless communication Propulsion Triple expansion steam engine (after 1885) Steam turbine (after 1900) Oil for propulsion easier storage and handling greater range easier to refuel at sea Aircraft initial scouting role


Slide73: HMS Dreadnought First all “big gun” battleship Oil fired boilers Turbine engines (21 knots)


USS Oregon (1891): USS Oregon (1891) Triple Expansion Steam Engine


HMS Dreadnought (L.1906): HMS Dreadnought (L.1906) Steam Turbine Propulsion


USS South Carolina (L.1908): USS South Carolina (L.1908) USN “dreadnought” precursor


USS Delaware (L.1909): USS Delaware (L.1909) America’s first true “dreadnought”


Wright Brothers: Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 17 December 1903 Wright Brothers


Eugene Ely: USS Birmingham (CL 2) 14 November 1910 Eugene Ely