NORMS

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NORMS AND ITS TYPES Submitted to: Mam Seema Gul Submitted by: Shaffaq Zulfiqar SAIRA NAZ

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NORM REFERENCED: A norm-referenced test (NRT) is a type of test , assessment , or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured. This estimate is derived from the analysis of test scores and possibly other relevant data from a sample drawn from the population. CRITERIAN REFERENCED: . In a criterion-referenced assessment, the score shows whether or not the test takers performed well or poorly on a given task, but not how that compares to other test takers.

TYPES OF NORMS: 

TYPES OF NORMS DEVELOPMENTAL NORMS: “ How for along the normal developmental path the individual has progressed” E.g: a kid of six months started to sit. 1year kid learned to walk. WITH IN GROUP NORMS: “ these norms are used to evaluate a person’s performance in comparison to the performance of one or more appropiate referenced group”.

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MENTAL AGE NORM:

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SHORT COMINGS

Jean PIAGET’S WORK:: 

Jean PIAGET’S WORK: His research focused on development of cognitive processes from infancy to mid teens. He was concerned with specific concepts rather than broad abilities. E.g: Schema and conservation’s concepts.

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WITH IN GROUP NORMS: PERCENTILES T-SCORES Z-SCORES

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PERCENTILES

Cont..: 

Cont.. Percentiles should not be with familiar percentage scores. The latter are raw scores, expressed in terms of percentage of correct items; percentiles are derived scores, express in terms of percentage of person.

PERCENTILES:: 

PERCENTILES: ADVANTAGES Easy to compute. Universally applicable. Used both with adults and children. It is also suitable with any type of test. DISADVANTAGES Marked inequality of their units, especially at the extremes of the distribution. They also do not show amount of difference between scores.

Z-SCORES: 

Z-SCORES They are also known as “standard scores”. “They express the individual’s distance from mean in terms of standard deviation of distribution” FORMULA: Z = X – M/SD Where X = Raw scores, M =mean, SD = Standard deviation.

ADVANTAGES: 

ADVANTAGES Physical measures such as height, weight use equal unit scales generally yield normal distributions. It has many useful mathematical properties, which facilitate further computations.

T-SCORES: 

T-SCORES First proposed by W. A. McCall (1922). Formula: T = 50 + SD(Z). Where SD is standard deviation, and Z is Z-scores.

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STEPS IN CONSTRUCTION OF NORMS

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