ad hoc network.

Ad-hoc Networks :

Ad-hoc Networks Sachin Verma MCA (0827314062) NIET

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Introduction History Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Infrastructure based Networks and Infrastructure-less Networks. Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols Setting up a simple Mobile Ad-hoc Network Pros and Cons . Future Research Directions Conclusions

Ad Hoc Networks The Need of “TIME”.:

Today the networks normally developed are of the type having some fixed infrastructure. What would be the solution in the networkis requoired to be made for some short period of time ? Ad Hoc Networks The Need of “TIME”.

Introduction:

An Ad-hoc network is a local area network or some other small network, especially one with wireless (or temporary plug in connections), in which some of the network devices are the part of the network only for the duration of a communications session. Allows new network devices to be quickly added. Each user has a unique network address that is recognized as the part of the network. Introduction

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Nodes or devices can join together to make up a simple ad-hoc network. Every device owes an equal status or designation in the network.

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One organization, for example arranges a conference, and the attendees use their laptops or notebook computers to connect to the nearby computers and the Internet through the wireless router.

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A better solution to this kind of network will be an ad-hoc network in which the wireless router is replaced by a wireless computer that can well act as a wireless router. The computers communicate directly with each other.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network:

On the basis of infrastructure we can classify the Ad-hoc networks into two main categories. They are Infrastructure-based networks . A network with pre-constructed infrastructure that is made of fixed network nodes and gateways, with typically network services delivered via these preconfigured infrastructures. For example, cellular networks are infrastructure-based networks built from PSTN backbone switches, MSCs, base stations, and mobile hosts. Each node has its strict specific responsibility in the network. WLANs typically also fall into this category. Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad Hoc Network:

Infrastructure-less networks In this case a network is formed dynamically through the cooperation of an arbitrary set of independent nodes. For example, two PCs equipped with wireless adapter cards can set up an independent network whenever they are within range of one another. In mobile ad hoc networks, nodes are expected to behave as routers and take part in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes. Network is decentralized where the topology discovering and the message delivering must be executed by the nodes themselves Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) Routing Protocols :

Ad-hoc Networks require efficient routing protocols because determining successful routing paths and delivering messages in a decentralized environment where network topology fluctuates is not a well defined problem. An optimal route at a certain time may not work seconds later. Discussed below are three categories that existing ad-hoc network routing protocols fall into: Table Driven Protocols On Demand Protocols Hybrid Protocols Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) Routing Protocols

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) Routing Protocols:

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) Routing Protocols Ad-hoc Mobile Routing Protocols Table Driven Protocols On Demand Protocols Hybrid Protocols DSDV, WRP, STAR ABR, DSR, AODV, TORA ZRP

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) Routing Protocols:

Table Driven Routing Protocol Send periodic updates of the routes. Each node uses routing information to store the location information of other nodes in the network and this information is then used to move data among different nodes in the network. Have lower latency since routes are maintained at all times On Demand Routing Protocols Establish routes only when required to route data packets. Route discovery process Have longer transmission delays. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) Routing Protocols

Data Routing :

Data Routing

Data Routing:

Data Routing

Route Discovery in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks:

Route Discovery in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Route Discovery in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks:

Route Discovery in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Key Benefits of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks :

No expensive infrastructure must be installed Use of unlicensed frequency spectrum Quick distribution of information around sender Use of ad-hoc networks can increase mobility and flexibility, as ad-hoc networks can be brought up and torn down in a very short time. Ad-hoc networks can be more economical in some cases, as they eliminate fixed infrastructure costs and reduce power consumption at mobile nodes. Because of multi-hop support in ad-hoc networks, communication beyond the Line of Sight (LOS) is possible at high frequencies. Key Benefits of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Key Benefits of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks:

Multi-hop ad-hoc networks can reduce the power consumption of wireless devices. More transmission power is required for sending a signal over any distance in one long hop than in multiple shorter hops. It can easily be proved that the gain in transmission power consumption is proportional to the number of hops made. Because of short communication links (multi-hop node-to-node communication instead of long-distance node to central base station communication), radio emission levels can be kept low. This reduces interference levels, increases spectrum reuse efficiency, and makes it possible to use unlicensed unregulated frequency bands. Key Benefits of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Design Issues and Constraints:

They are Infrastructure-less Dynamically Changing Network Topologies Network Security Physical Layer Limitation Limited Link Bandwidth and Quality Variation in Link and Node Capabilities Quality of Service Network Scalability Network Management and Reliability Energy Constrained Operation Mobile Ad-hoc Design Issues and Constraints

Future Research Directions:

Routing Protocol Optimization QoS Support Simulation Security Standardization and Interoperability Future Research Directions

Conclusions:

Ad hoc networking will play an important role in this evolution. Its intrinsic flexibility, ease of maintenance, lack of needed infrastructure, auto configuration, self-administration capabilities, and significant cost advantages make it a prime candidate for becoming the stalwart technology for personal pervasive communication. In moving forward and successfully fulfilling this opportunity, developing and seamlessly integrating MANET with other wireless networks and fixed internet infrastructures, the successful addressing of many of the open research and development issues will play a critical role . Conclusions