Spring Break 2011 Valdosta State University Marine Chem Final

Marine Chemistry Spring 2011:

Marine Chemistry Spring 2011 Valdosta State University Chem 4920 Dr. Manning Trevor Davis and Walker Johnson

Spring Break 2011:

Spring Break 2011 For Spring Break 2011 we spent time doing research in the Florida Keys. We stayed on an island named Fiesta Key where we camped out for 9 days. We spent time trying to find different marine natural products. We performed countless pH titrations and CO 2 titrations trying to find out if these marine natural products around the Florida Keys. We also went to Pigeon Key, Bahia Honda State Park, Key West Botanical Gardens, Key West, and a few other memorable places. This is a presentation of some of the marine creatures we saw and some of the fun stuff that we did.

Nurse Shark:

Nurse Shark Nurse Shark ( Ginglymostoma cirratum) Can grow to 14 ft. and weigh 300 lbs. Is a bottom dwelling shark. Mostly nocturnal but during the day will stay near cover and shallow water.

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Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum)

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Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) Exposed Liver Lobes

Sponge?:

Sponge? Black Ball Sponge ( Ircinia strobilina) Can grow as large as a beach ball Found in Florida Common on reefs

Sponge?:

Sponge? Fire Sponge ( Tedaniaignis ) Causes a burning sensation when alive and touched. Can also produce rash Water exits sponge through “ oscula ”.

Some type of crab:

Some type of crab Green Crab ( Carcinus maenas) Small shore crab Can eat 40 half inch clams a day. Stay below 3” long

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Busycon (Fulguropsis radula ) Can be known as a whelk Edible Scavenger

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Hermit Crab ( Pagurus armatus ) Can be a pet Asymmetrical abdomen Lives in saltwater

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Turtle Grass ( Thalassia testudinum ) Has flat strap-like blades. Thick rhizomes Scaly flowers

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Seaweed (Caulerpa bugenensis ) Algae Must live in saltwater Must have sunlight

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Seaweed (Caulerpa Crassifolia ) Algae Must live in saltwater Must have sunlight

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South Florida Bivalve (Americardia guppyi ) Phylum: Mollusca Order: Veneroida Family: Cardiidae

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Hermit Sponge (Suberites ficus ) Large irregular oscules Usually attached to something Smooth surface

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Antenna Sponge ( Cladorhiza s.) Free floating Scavenger Photosynthetic

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Barrel Sponge ( Xestospongia muta ) Can get big enough for a human to fit inside. Found in North America Found near coral reefs.

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Tulip Snail (Fasciolaria tulipa ) Smooth Lives in seagrass beds Eats bivalves

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Brown Pelican ( Pelecanus Occidentalis) Smallest species of pelican Found all in the western hemisphere Pesticides threaten population

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American White Pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) Long flat bill Males and females look alike Large bird

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Peruvian Pelican ( Pelecanus thagus ) Breeding season from September-March Twice as large as brown pelicans Lay 2-3 eggs per season

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Kapok Tree ( Ceiba pentandra) The Kapok Tree ( Ceiba pentandra ) “Majestic” Used for communications by Indians Can grow over 150 ft. tal

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Brown Rock Urchin ( Arbacia punctulata ) Test diameter of 2 inches Inhabit coral reefs Found all over the world

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Sea Snail ( Acanthina punctulata ) Inhabits saltwater All have shells Gastropod

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Florida Sea Cucumber ( Holothuriafloridana ) Leathery skin Single branched gonad Endoskeleton

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Florida Spiny Lobster ( Panulirus argus ) Edible No pinchers Long, thick, spiny antenna

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Caribbean Long Spine Sea Urchin (Diadema antillarum ) Herbivore Can penetrate skin Eggs and sperm released into water

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Red Hermit Crab inside of Queen Conch Shell ( Dardanus megistos ) Not aggressive Very large Inhabit reefs

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Barrel Sponge ( Xestospongia testudinaria ) Found near reefs Home to lots of fish Alive

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Brittle Star ( Ophiothrix lineocaerulea ) Flimsy 1,500 species alive today Evolved 500 million yrs. ago

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Stone Crab ( Menippe mercenaria ) Good for eating Found in or near oyster beds Predator to many animals

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Sea Biscuit ( Clypeaster rosaceus ) Eukaryote Found all over the world Common

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Marine Bivalve M ollusc ( Venericardia purpurata ) Found in shallow water Radial ribs Pinkish interior

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Spider Crab ( Libinia emarginata ) 4 in. long Covered in spines and tuberacles Non-aggressive

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Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica ) Industrially harvested Good for eating Very common throughout the USA

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Red Mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle) One of 4 species of mangrove Important for reserving land Serve as feeding and breeding grounds.

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Blue Grunt ( Haemulon sciurus ) Make a grunting noise Found near mangroves 8-10 inches

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Queen Conch ( Lobatus gigas ) Large gastropod mollusk Gastropod Takes 3-5 years to mature

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Horse Conch ( Pleuroploca gigantea ) Florida state shell Can be 2 ft. Evolved 535 million yrs. ago

Botanical Gardens:

Botanical Gardens The Key West Tropical Forest & Botanical Garden is the only "frost-free" botanical garden in the continental United States. A tropical environment with ample rain allows most trees to retain their leaves in the dry season (December through late May). It is home to many endangered and threatened flora and fauna. Tropical forests of the world hold at least half of all the variety of life on Earth. Moreover, the species found with the Caribbean are among the richest in plant and animal life on the planet. Taken from http:// www.keywestbotanicalgarden.org/page.asp?p =about

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Autograph Tree ( Clusia rosea ) As you can see, it gets its name from its leaves. Has an apple sized green fruit

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Tillandsiabulbosa Does not need soil to grow Likes a sunny to moderate shade enviornment .

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White Stopper ( Eugenia axillaris ) Needs a very nutrient rich soil Grows near, but not suited to grow in salt water

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Erect Pricklypear ( Opuntiastricta ) A regionally Prohibited Weed in some parts of the world Can grow to 2 meters

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Green Iguana ( Iguana iguana ) Excellent sense of smell, sight, and hearing Tail can break off and grow back if caught by a predator

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Green Iguana ( Iguana iguana) Can grow to 7 ft. long

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Diamondback Terrapin Turtle ( Malaclemys terrapin) Likes brackish water Named for the diamond pattern on its shell

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Common Moorhen ( Gallinula chloropus ) Can be found worldwide, but not near the poles and rare in rainforests Lives near areas that have plenty of food

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Hispaniola Palm ( Sabaldomingensis ) Can live in very hot regions Can handle a lot of wind

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Sea Lavender ( Anrgusiagnaphalodes ) Doesn’t really smell like lavender Creates a purple haze on salt marshes in august because of it’s lavender color flowers

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Pride of Barbados ( Caesalpiniapulcherrima ) A member of the pea family Considered a shrub or small tree

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Semaphore Pricklypear ( Opuntiacorallicola ) The most endangered plant in the United Sates

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Simpson’s Pricklyapples ( Harrisiasimpsonii ) Has a vinelike appearance Likes to live near mangrove swamps

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Wild Bamboo ( Lasiacisdivaricata ) Likes the shade

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Can reach 30 ft. tall and 10 in. diameter

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Buccaneer Palm ( Pseudophoenixsargentii ) Rare and endangered

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Keel-Billed Toucan ( Ramphastossulfuratus ) Roosts in holes in trees

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Can live near, but not in saltwater

7 Compounds searched for:

7 Compounds searched for Naled Leiodermatolide Permethrin Largazole Yondelis Discodermolide Brevetoxin 1

Naled:

Naled C 4 H 7 Br 2 Cl 2 O 4 P Colorless liquid/solid with pungent odor. controls aphis, mites, mosquitoes, and flies on crops. Not toxic to humans. Synthetic

Naled:

Naled

Leiodermatolide:

Leiodermatolide C 34 H 51 NO 8 Potent antimitotic compound. Potential use is in the cure of cancer. Exact mode of action is not yet understood.

Leiodermatolide:

Leiodermatolide

Permethrin:

Permethrin C 21 H 20 Cl 2 O 3 Topical insectiside used to treat head lice, nits, scabies and ticks. High toxicity to aquatic enviornments . ~2 million lbs. applied annually to agriculture. Man-made

Permethrin:

Permethrin

Largazole:

Largazole C 29 H 42 N 4 O 5 S 3 Possible anticancer agent. Derived from cyanobacteria . Potent histonedeacetylase inhibitor.

Largazole:

Largazole

Yondelis:

Yondelis C 39 H 43 N 3 O 11 S Derived from a sea squirt Ecteinascidiaturbinata , and synthetic. Treatment for advanced soft tissue sarcoma. On the market in Europe but not America.

Yondelis:

Yondelis

Discodermolide:

Discodermolide C 33 H 55 NO 8 A polyketide natural product. A potent inhibitor of tumor cell growth. Derived from a sponge named Discodermiadissoluta .

Discodermolide:

Discodermolide

Brevetoxin 1:

Brevetoxin 1 C 49 H 70 O 13 Derived from Kareniabrevis . Causes neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Bind to site 5 of voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cells.

Brevetoxin 1:

Brevetoxin 1

24 Hour Experiment:

24 Hour Experiment Every ten minutes parameters such as pH, conductivity, temperature and the relative water (tide) level were measured. These measurements were correlated with marine life that was observed in the area. The area was chummed to increase the number of species present. While the chemical measurements were predictable, a wide range of marine life such as southern rays, lobsters, sea worms and unusual invertebrates, were observed.

24 Hour Experiment:

24 Hour Experiment

Humics:

Humics Humic substances are the major organic components of soil. Humus is formed from the decomposing action of bacteria, fungi, etc. Humus is important to the soil because it improves soil structure, water intake and reservoir capacity, the ability of soil to resist erosion, and the ability of soil to hold chemical elements in a form readily accessible to plants. Humus is a dark brown-black color because of it’s over accumulation of organic Carbon.

Humic Titrations:

Humic Titrations pH Meter Wash Bottle Buret and stand Beaker

Humic Titrations:

Humic Titrations 1 gram of sediment was mixed with 50 mL of H 2 O 1 mL of .1 M HCl was added every 2 minutes A total of 25 mL of .1 M HCl was added to the solution.

Carbonates in the Florida Keys:

Carbonates in the Florida Keys Limestone is a major component of carbonates in the Florida Keys. Limestone is formed from grains mostly from coral reefs and foraminifera. Limestone makes up about 10% of sedimentary rock

Carbonate Titrations:

Carbonate Titrations This is the setup of Carbonate titrations. Hoses connect flasks and burets . Calculations done by displacement.

Carbonate Titrations:

Carbonate Titrations 2HCl + CO 3 -2  H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) + Cl - (aq ) Mass of sediment Volume of HCl Volume of CO 2 measured using displacement

BAC’s:

BAC’s BAC’s are the method in which we searched for the 7 molecules in the Florida Keys. Bacterial Amplification Chamber We used a bucket that contains nutrients, sponges, and cotton. The idea is to create a suitable environment for bacteria colonization. A BAC being loaded on to a kayak preparing to be taken out to be dropped off around Fiesta Key.

Locations BAC’s were dropped:

Locations BAC’s were dropped

Carbon Cycle:

Carbon Cycle The Carbon cycle is a complex process in which all Carbon atoms in existence rotate. Plants, animal, and soil interact to makeup the basic cycles of nature. 1 Plants absorb Carbon from the air and use it to make sugars in photosynthesis. 2 Herbivores and Omnivores eat the plants which contain sugars that contain Carbon that the plant received from the atmosphere. 3 Carnivores then eat the herbivores and omnivores. All three of these animals use Carbon and return it to the earth through respiration or death. 4 The Carbon atoms then return to the earth and it’s atmosphere where it will be absorbed back into a plant and the cycle keeps repeating. Key Deer

Nitrogen Cycle:

Nitrogen Cycle All forms of life need Nitrogen to survive. 79 % of Earth’s atmosphere is composed of Nitrogen. N 2 in Atmosphere Biotic Nitrogen Fixation Industrial Fixation Protein NH 3 Animal Protein Nitrite Nitrate Nitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria Denitrifying bacteria Lightning

Sulfur Cycle:

Sulfur Cycle The ocean represents a large reservoir of sulfur on Earth, with large quantities in the form of dissolved sulfate and sedimentary materials. Sulfate is the most stable form of sulfur. 1 Mineralization of organic sulfur into its inorganic form H 2 S . 2 Oxidation of sulfide and elemental sulfur to sulfate 3 Reduction of sulfate to sulfide. 4 Microbial immobilization of the compound into the organic form of sulfur.

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Marine Chemistry Spring 2011

A Special thanks to...:

A Special thanks to... Fiesta Key Bahia Honda State Park Pigeon Key Valdosta State University Looe Key Mel Fisher’s Museum Ernest Hemingway house