CongressofVienna and Rev 1848

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The Congress of Vienna September 1814 - June 1815 Great Britain –Castlereagh Austria - Metternich Prussia – Hardenberg Russia – Tsar Alexander I France - Talleyrand

Personalities of the Congress : 

Personalities of the Congress

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*********Goals********* The Congress of Vienna Ensure France would not become an aggressor Restore the “balance of power” The principle of compensation The principle of legitimacy Victors expected to be rewarded

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The Principle of Legitimacy Bourbon French Throne Bourbon Spanish Throne Legitimate princely rulers – Italy German Confederation – 39 German States Compromised over Territorial Settlement Was Peace Established?

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RUSSIA Polish Territory Retained Finland

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PRUSSIA 2/5 of Saxony Swedish Pomerania Territory in the Rhineland in Western Germany

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THE NETHERLANDS Austrian Netherlands (BELGIUM)

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AUSTRIA Lost Belgium Gained Lombardy and Venetia Relatives of Austrian emperor ruled Parma, Modena, and Tuscany Dominated German Confederation

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GREAT BRITAIN Colonial Possessions From Dutch Cape of Good Hope Island of Ceylon From French Trinidad and Tobago Helgoland Malta

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The Second Treaty of Paris November 1815 France reduced to the borders of 1790 French had to pay 700 million francs to the allies Allied military occupation of 17 French forts for 5 years

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THE HOLY ALLIANCE RUSSIA PRUSSIA AUSTRIA

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Quadruple Alliance GREAT BRITAIN RUSSIA AUSTRIA PRUSSIA

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The Concert of Europe Goal was to maintain Balance of Power The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle The Congresses of Troppau and Laibach The Congress of Verona Opposition to Monroe Doctrine

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NEXT Nationalist Revolutions Sweepthe West, 1789–1900 Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, nationalist revolutions sweep through Latin America and Europe. Bold new movements emerge in the arts.

Revolutions in 1848 : 

Revolutions in 1848

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NEXT Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe.

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NEXT Clash of Philosophies Europe Faces Revolutions Three Philosophies • In early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in Europe • Conservative—landowners, nobles want traditional monarchies • Liberal—wealthy merchants, business owners want limited democracy • Radical—believe in liberty, equality; want everyone to have a vote

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NEXT Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States • Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with common culture, history • Nation-state—nation with its own independent government • In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain are nation-states • Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not

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NEXT Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power Greeks Gain Independence • Balkans—region of Europe controlled by Ottomans in early 1800s • Greece gets European help to gain independence from Turks 1830s Uprisings Crushed • Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts • By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite • Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire • Liberals hold power for short time, lose to conservatives by 1849

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NEXT Radicals Change France Conservative Defeat • In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchy The Third Republic • In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up republic • Radicals split by infighting; moderates control new government • 1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament France Accepts a Strong Ruler • Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s nephew—elected president • Later takes the title of emperor, promotes industrialization

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NEXT Reform in Russia Serfdom in Russia • Czars fail to free serfs because they fear losing landowners’ support Defeat Brings Change • Russia’s lack of industrialization leads to military defeat in Crimean War • Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes Reform and Reaction • In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land • Reform halts when Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881 • Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization